Programming Languages

File Format
Name	Programming Languages
Ontology	Languages Programming Languages
Released	~1950
Babbage's Difference Engine

Programming languages are languages expected to be executed (interpreted, compiled, etc.) by a machine in order to perform operations or algorithms. They are distinct from markup languages, which represent the structure of a document rather than specific operations to be performed, though it is possible to combine both in a document (e.g., HTML containing embedded JavaScript, or PHP code which includes HTML). Programming language code is stored as source code which may be directly interpreted by a machine or compiled or assembled into executables.

• ActionScript (Flash)
• Ada
• ALGOL
• APL
• Arduino programming language
• Assembly language (various versions for different machine architectures)
• B
• BASIC (Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
• Batch file (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
• BCPL
• BlooP, FlooP, and GlooP
• Bourne shell script: .sh
• C
• C++
• C#
• ChordQL
• Clojure
• COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
• COMAL
• CPL
• D
• dBase programming language (and related languages such as FoxPro and Clipper)
• Erlang
• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
• Go
• Graphics Programming Language (GPL) (mid-level language on TI computers)
• Haskell
• Hoon
• INTERCAL
• Java
• JavaScript (JScript, ECMAscript)
• JCL (Job Control Language; used on IBM mainframes)
• LISP
• Logo
• Lua
• Machine language (various versions for different machine architectures)
• Matlab
• MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System)
• Music Macro Language
• Nock
• Objective-C (used in Mac and iOS development)
• Pascal
• Perl
• PHP
• Pixilang
• PL/I
• PostScript
• Programmable calculators
• Programmable Command Language (PCL), for TOPS-20
• Prolog
• Python
• RobotWar
• RPG
• Ruby
• Scheme
• Scratch
• Smalltalk
• SNOBOL
• SQL
• TRAC programming language
• TUTOR
• VBScript
• WMLScript

Interactive Fiction engines often use specialized programming languages for game development.

Resources

• A comprehensive list of over 2000 programming languages and a small sample programs for each of them is available here
• Rosetta Code attempts to present solutions to the same task in different programming languages.
• Why you should learn to program
• Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC
• Coding for middle-school girls (tips on introducing them to programming)
• My Experience As A Fourth Grade Hacker
• Programming language popularity chart (based on Github and StackOverflow activity)
• Flowering of a nation’s youth through learning the art of computer code
• Top 10 programming fonts
• What’s The Most Popular Programming Language?
• Things I Wish Someone Had Told Me When I Was Learning How to Code
• Which programming language should I learn first?
• Why array indices start at zero; historical info

Humor

• A Brief, Incomplete, and Mostly Wrong History of Programming Languages
• Programming Language Checklist
• Programming languages as Tolkien characters
• Devil's Dictionary of Programming
• This Is Why You Shouldn't Interrupt A Programmer
• Random mashup generator of the King James Bible and a programming book
• What the computer code seen on screens in movies and TV shows actually does