Programming Languages

Revision as of 03:36, 19 June 2022

Programming languages are languages expected to be executed (interpreted, compiled, etc.) by a machine in order to perform operations or algorithms. They are distinct from markup languages, which represent the structure of a document rather than specific operations to be performed, though it is possible to combine both in a document (e.g., HTML containing embedded JavaScript, or PHP code which includes HTML). Programming language code is stored as source code which may be directly interpreted by a machine or compiled or assembled into executables.

Programming languages

• ABC (programming language)
• ActionScript (Flash)
  • ActionScript Byte Code
• Ada
• ALGOL
• Anim8or Scripting Language
• APL
• APT
• AppleScript
• Arduino programming language
• Assembly language (.asm, .s) (various versions for different machine architectures)
• Aussie++
• AutoHotkey
• AutoLISP
• AWK
• B
• BASIC (Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) (.bas) -- See also Tokenized BASIC
• Batch file (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
• BCPL
• BLISS
• Blitz BASIC
  • Blitz3D
• BlooP, FlooP, and GlooP
• Bourne shell script (.sh)
• Brainfuck
• Breder
• C (.c, .cc, .h)
• Ć
• C# (.cs)
• C shell script
• C++ (.cpp, .cxx)
• C+=
• CakeML
• CEEMAC
• CFEngine
• CHIP-8
• ChordQL
• Clipper (programming language)
• Clojure
  • ClojureScript
• COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
• CoffeeScript
• ColdFusion
• COMAL
• COMIT
• COW
• Coq
• CPL
• Crystal
• Cython (Pyrex)
• D
• Dart (was Dash)
• Dern
• dBase programming language
• Dylan
• Elixir
• Elm
• Erlang
• Expect
• F#
• Fantom
• Fish shell (*.fish)
• Flow
• Forth
• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
• FoxPro programming language
• Free Pascal
• GDL Script - scripting language used in ARCHICAD (.gdl)
• Gherkin/Cucumber
• Go
• Graphics Programming Language (GPL) (mid-level language on TI computers)
• Groovy
• HamsterSpeak
• Haskell
• Haxe
• High Level Shading Language (HLSL)
• Hoon
• Hopscotch
• HyperTalk
• IDL
• INTERCAL
• Ioke
• Java (.j, .jav, .java)
• JavaScript (JScript, ECMAScript) (.js)
• JCL (Job Control Language; used on IBM mainframes)
• JOSS
• JSONata [1]
• JSX
• Julia
• Kotlin
• LISP
• LiveScript
• Logo
• LOLCODE
• Lollipop
• Lua
• Machine language (various versions for different machine architectures)
• MATLAB script file (.m)
• MDL (.mud)
• Microcode
• mIRC scripting language
• ML
• MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System)
• Music Macro Language (.mmi)
• Nim
• Nock
• NetLogo
• Object Pascal (including Delphi)
• Objective-C (.m, .h) (used in Mac and iOS development)
• OCaml
• OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL)
• P (Microsoft)
• Pascal (.pas)
• Pawn
• Perl (.pl, .pm)
• PHP (.php)
• PikaScript
• Pixie
• Pixilang (.pixi)
• PL/I
• PLASMA
• PostScript
• PowerShell
• Processing
• Programmable Command Language (PCL), for TOPS-20
• Prolog
• Pyramid
• Python (.py, .pyc, .pyo, .pyd)
• QML
• Q#
• Quorum
• R
• Raku
• Rant
• Ratfor
• Redcode
• RenderWare object (.rwx)
• RobotWar
• RPG/RPGLE/RPG IV/RPG ILE (.rpgle, .sqlrpgle)
• Ruby
• Rust
• S
• SAIL
• Scala
• Scheme
• SCODL
• Scratch
• Server Side Includes
• Shen
• Sikuli
• Skip
• Smalltalk
• SNOBOL
• Solidity
• Squirrel
• Standard ML
• Swift (Apple) (.swift)
• Swift (parallel scripting)
• SYSDOOM
• Tcl
• TRAC programming language
• TUTOR
• TypeScript
• Verilog
• vim script
• Visual Basic
• VBScript
• Vue.js component files
• WaveGL
• WebAssembly
• Wenyan (文言)
• Windows Script File
• WMLScript
• Wolfram Language
• Wuffs
• ZAP
• Z-code
• ZIL

Logical assertion languages

• SNARK

Query languages

• Fauna Query Language (FQL)
• SPARQL
• SQL

Templates, macros, preprocessors, etc.

• CSS
• doT
• DSSSL
• Jinja
• Jsonnet [2]
• Liquid (.liquid)
• M4 (.m4)
• Pug
• Smarty
• XSL
• XSLT

Other/Miscellaneous

• Nomyx language
• Programmable calculators

For additional macro formats, especially binary formats, see Executables#Macros or automated scripting.

See also Web#Scripts/Applets/Plug-Ins/Frameworks/APIs/Templating.

See Wikipedia:Category:Template engines for another list of template systems.

See also

• Development
• Executables
• Interactive Fiction engines often use specialized programming languages for game development.
• Resources
• Source code

External links

Resources

• A comprehensive list of over 2000 programming languages and a small sample programs for each of them is available here
• Rosetta Code attempts to present solutions to the same task in different programming languages.
• Coding for middle-school girls (tips on introducing them to programming)
• Programming language popularity chart (based on Github and StackOverflow activity)
• Top 10 programming fonts
• What’s The Most Popular Programming Language?
• Which programming language should I learn first?
• Why array indices start at zero; historical info
• Code Academy: learn to code interactively online
• Best free sites for learning how to write code

Commentary

• Why you should learn to program
• Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC
• The Moderately Enthusiastic Programmer
• My Experience As A Fourth Grade Hacker
• Things I Wish Someone Had Told Me When I Was Learning How to Code
• A problem with the term, programming “language”
• Discussion of creating programming languages in Arabic
• The Last Line Effect
• Visualizing algorithms
• Excavating Code: An Archaeological Record of Software Development
• The art of the bug: Failure should be fun
• Incredibly Strange Programming Languages (presentation)

Humor

• A Brief, Incomplete, and Mostly Wrong History of Programming Languages
• Programming Language Checklist
• Programming languages as Tolkien characters
• Devil's Dictionary of Programming
• This Is Why You Shouldn't Interrupt A Programmer
• Random mashup generator of the King James Bible and a programming book
• What the computer code seen on screens in movies and TV shows actually does

Misc.

• President Obama writes a line of code (video)
• Picture: Margaret Hamilton, lead software engineer, Project Apollo, with source code from moon landing mission
• Watch People Code (live video streams)