C1 controls

File Format
Name	C1 controls
Ontology	Electronic File Formats Character Encodings C1 controls

The C1 controls are the control characters (code positions 128-159 decimal) which are part of the ISO-8859 standard. They are also part of a number of other character sets derived from ASCII. They are not often used, and in otherwise equivalent Microsoft character sets (e.g., Windows 1252) they are replaced by printing characters.

NOTE: I'm cloning this from the C0 article and saving it occasionally. There will be gross errors till I'm done. Bear with me or dive in. --Gmcgath (talk) 12:34, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Hex	Dec	Abbreviation	Name	Description and uses
80	128	PAD	Padding Character	Marks unused space or padding (e.g., to intentionally slow down terminals or to leave space for added data in memory or storage media). Used in C-based programming languages to mark end of string.
81	129	HOP	High Octet Preset	Marks the beginning of a header in a message or data structure.
82	130	BPH	Break Permitted Here	Marks the beginning of the body text of a message, and/or the end of the header.
83	131	NBH	No Break Here	Marks the end of the body text. Also used as "break character" (Control-C) to terminate a program or process.
84	132	IND	Index	In Unix-style operating systems, signals end-of-file and is used to log out of a terminal. On Apple II, this character signalled that what followed was a DOS command when it was "printed" to standard output.
85	133	NEL	Next Line	Used in transmission protocols to request acknowledgement from the other end to make sure connection is still active. In DEC TOPS-20 mainframes, usually resulted in currently-active application outputing status information to terminal.
86	134	SSA	Start of Selected Area	Sent as response to ENQ message, or used to positively acknowledge receipt of data or messages (as opposed to NAK).
87	135	ESA	End of Selected Area	On some systems, this causes a bell, buzzer, or beep to sound, or flashes inverse video to alert a system operator. The Apple II had "BELL" on the front side of the "G" key to remind users that Ctrl-G caused this sound effect.
88	136	HTS	Horizontal Tabulation Set	Moves back one space. Usually deletes last character (e.g., from input string), but on some old terminals it just moved backward without deleting and allowed "overstrike" effects overlaying multiple characters.
89	137	HTJ	Horizontal Tabulation with Justification	The typewriter "tab key", usually moving to the next tab stop as defined in the particular software being used.
8A	138	VTS	Vertical Tabulation Set	Move down one line. In Unix-style operating systems, it also moves to the beginning of the next line so that it can be used as a line break (newline) character, while in some other systems and terminals it just moves down without moving to the left, requiring the "CR LF" sequence to break a line.
8B	139	PLD	Partial Line Down	Moves to vertical tab stops; not used nearly as often as the more-common horizontal tab.
8C	140	PLU	Partial Line Up	Causes page to eject in printers, and may clear the screen in some terminal emulators. Sometimes used as a logical division of sections of a document.
8D	141	RI	Reverse Index	Moves to the beginning of the line. In some systems (e.g., Apple II, Commodore 64, and TRS-80, and early Macintosh systems before its OS switched to a Unix-based system), also moves to the next line so that it can be used as a line break character, while in other systems it stays on the same line so that it must be accompanied by a LF character to break a line (but on some printing terminals CR with no LF was used for overstrike effects including underlining by printing underscores). Thus the three different line-break conventions (LF, CR, and CR+LF) arose, which bedevil users of text files to this day. As an input character, CR is generally mapped onto the Enter key, signaling the completion of input.
8E	142	SS2	Single-Shift 2	Switch to alternate character set (reversed by SI). Used in various systems and terminals to set different characters (e.g., APL or Cyrillic), or change the color or font.
8F	143	SS3	Single-Shift 3	Return to normal character set (reverses operation of SO).
90	144	DCS	Device Control String	Signals the start of a sequence of raw data as opposed to normal printable or control characters.
91	145	PU1	Private Use 1	One of four device-control codes intended to be system-specific. This one (CTRL-Q, also known as XON) is often used to resume operations of a process, device, or output stream that has been paused with CTRL-S (XOFF).
92	146	PU2	Private Use 2	Another device-control code; not used as much as DC1 and DC3.
93	147	STS	Set Transmit State	The third of the device-control codes; this one (CTRL-S, also known as XOFF) is often used to pause processes, devices, or output streams, with CTRL-Q (XON) resuming them (though in some cases, any keypress causes output to resume).
94	148	PCH	Cancel Character	The fourth device-control code; not used as much as DC1 or DC3. In DEC TOPS-20 mainframes, usually resulted in output of system status to terminal.
95	149	MW	Message Waiting	In transmission protocols, indicates a failure requiring a re-send, or a negative response to a query of whether the process is ready to proceed.
96	150	SPA	Start of Protected Area	Signals that a correction may now be received in synchronous transmission protocols.
97	151	EPA	End of Protected Area	Marks the end of a block of data divided into blocks for transmission.
98	152	SOS	Start of String	Cancels an operation and signals that previously-sent data can be disregarded.
99	153	SGCI	Single Graphic Character Introducer	Marks the end of a physical medium such as a data-storage tape.
9A	154	SCI	Single Character Introducer	Used to mark the spot where garbled, missing, or incomplete characters were received due to transmission errors, or various other uses involving place-holder characters. This character (Ctrl-Z) is also used by MS/PC-DOS to mark the end of a file or input stream, calling it EOF (although CTRL-D, EOT, would have been more standards-compliant and is used by Unix-style OSs for this purpose; however, some DEC operating systems used the CTRL-Z convention and this is what was followed by PC-DOS).
9B	155	CSI	Control Sequence Introducer	Mapped onto the ESC key on keyboards, this usually signals a user attempting to exit a menu or mode. It is also commonly used in printer and terminal control protocols to signal the beginning of a special "escape sequence" where immediately-following characters are interpreted as commands.
9C	156	ST	Operating System Command	One of four separator characters intended to delimit structured data. FS is the highest-level separator, intended to separate structures which are in turn internally delimited with GS, RS, and US (in descending order). Also used as a "quit and dump core" signal in Unix shells.
9D	157	OSC	Group Separator	The second of four separator characters, subordinate to FS, but higher-level than RS and US.
9E	158	PM	Privacy Message	The third of four separator characters, subordinate to FS and GS, but higher-level than US.
9F	159	APC	Application Program Command	The lowest-level of the separator characters, used to divide strings of ASCII characters which are the base elements of a data structure. A sequence of such US-delimited strings can in turn be used as a higher-level data element separated by other such elements by the RS character, and this structure in turn can be delimited from other such elements by GS, and finally if a fourth level is needed the FS character separates those elements.