Revision as of 02:27, 14 September 2013

FBX is a popular 3D file format that was originally developed by Kaydara for MotionBuilder, acquired by Autodesk Inc in 2006. It is now one of the main 3D exchange formats as used by many 3D tools. Even though Autodesk publishes an “open source” SDK for FBX, its license and the software itself remains fully closed. FBX has a text based (ascii) and a binary version.

FBX Binary Format Specification

August 2013, by Alexander Gessler, reviewed by Campbell Barton. Published by Blender Foundation, as public domain information.

This is an incomplete specification for the binary FBX file format. It has been tested with file versions starting 2011, but it should also work with earlier versions.

This document only describes the encoding of binary FBX files, not the interpretation of the data being encoded. It should enable you to translate binary FBX files to ASCII text format (or an in-memory representation of it).

Text-Based File Structure

Knowledge of the text-based format is relevant for this document, so here is a quick writeup. The core hierarchical building block (node) of a text-based FBX document is

   NodeType: SomeProperty0a, SomeProperty0b, ... , {

      NestedNodeType1 : SomeProperty1a, ...
      NestedNodeType2 : SomeProperty2a, ... , {
          ... Sub-scope
      }

      ...
   }

In other words, a document is essentially a nested list of nodes. Each node has…

   A NodeType identifier (class name)
   A tuple of properties associated with it, the tuple elements are the usual primitive data types: float, integer, string etc.
   A list which contains nodes in the same format (recursively).

At global level, there is an “implicit list” (i.e. the curly braces, the property list and the name are omitted) with some standard nodes defined. Each of these standard items consists only of a nested list, so a file might look like this

   FBXHeaderExtension: {...}
   GlobalSettings: {...}
   Documents: {...}
   Definitions: {...}
   Connections: {...}
   ...

Applications have to parse the contents of these in order to access FBX geometry.

Binary File Structure

The first 27 bytes contain the header.

   Bytes 0 - 20: Kaydara FBX Binary  \x00 (file-magic, with 2 spaces at the end, then a NULL terminator).
   Bytes 21 - 22: [0x1A, 0x00] (unknown but all observed files show these bytes).
   Bytes 23 - 26: unsigned int, the version number. 7300 for version 7.3 for example.

Directly after this data, there is the top-level object record. Unlike for the text file format, this is not omitted – a full node record with empty name and empty property list is written.

After that record (which recursively contains the entire file information) there is a footer with unknown contents. Node Record Format

A named node record has the following memory layout:

   Size (Bytes) 	Data Type 	Name
   4 	Uint32 	EndOffset
   4 	Uint32 	NumProperties
   4 	Uint32 	PropertyListLen
   1 	Uint8t 	NameLen
   NameLen 	char 	Name
   ? 	? 	Property[n], for n in 0:PropertyListLen
   Optional 		
   ? 	? 	NestedList
   13 	uint8[] 	NULL-record

Where…

• EndOffset is the distance from the beginning of the file to the end of the node record (i.e. the first byte of whatever comes next). This can be used to easily skip over unknown or not required records.
• NumProperties is the number of properties in the value tuple associated with the node. A nested list as last element is not counted as property.
• PropertyListLen is the length of the property list. This is the size required for storing NumProperties properties, which depends on the data type of the properties.
• NameLen is the length of the object name, in characters. The only case where this is 0 seems to be the lists top-level.
• Name is the name of the object. There is no zero-termination.
• Property[n] is the n‘th property. For the format, see section Property Record Format. Properties are written sequentially and with no padding.
• NestedList is the nested list, presence of which is indicated by a NULL-record at the very end.

Reading a node record up to and including the properties is straightforward. To determine whether a nested list entry exists, check if there is bytes left until the EndOffset is reached. If so, recursively read an object record directly following the last property. Behind that object record, there is 13 zero bytes, which should then match up with the EndOffset. (Note: it is not entirely clear why the NULL entry is required. This strongly hints at some FBX subtlety or format feature that not known to the authors of this document ….)

Property Record Format

A property record has the following memory layout:

   Size (Bytes) 	Data Type 	Name
   1 	char 	TypeCode
   ? 	? 	Data

where TypeCode can be one of the following character codes, which are ordered in groups that require similar handling.

i) Primitive Types

       Y: 2 byte signed Integer
       C: 1 bit boolean (1: true, 0: false) encoded as the LSB of a 1 Byte value.
       I: 4 byte signed Integer
       F: 4 byte single-precision IEEE 754 number
       D: 8 byte double-precision IEEE 754 number
       L: 8 byte signed Integer

For primitive scalar types the Data in the record is exactly the binary representation of the value, in little-endian byte order.

ii) Array types

       f: Array of 4 byte single-precision IEEE 754 number
       d: Array of 8 byte double-precision IEEE 754 number
       l: Array of 8 byte signed Integer
       i: Array of 4 byte signed Integer
       b: Array of 1 byte Booleans (always 0 or 1)

For array types, Data is more complex:

   Size (Bytes) 	Data Type 	Name
   4 	Uint32 	ArrayLength
   4 	Uint32 	Encoding
   4 	Uint32 	CompressedLength
   ? 	? 	Contents

If Encoding is 0, the Contents is just ArrayLength times the array data type. If Encoding is 1, the Contents is a deflate/zip-compressed buffer of length CompressedLength bytes. The buffer can for example be decoded using zlib.

Values other than 0,1 for Encoding have not been observed.

iii) Special types

       S: String
       R: raw binary data

Both of these have the following interpretation:

   Size (Bytes) 	Data Type 	Name
   4 	Uint32 	Length
   Length 	byte/char 	Data

The string is not zero-terminated, and may well contain \0 characters (this is actually used in some FBX properties).

Additional References

• FBX binary file format specification

The link where the above text came from.

• An old Irrlicht extension that can supposedly read the meshes from binary fbx files
• A parser for binary FBX files, by one of the Blender 3D contributors
• Wikipedia article