http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&feed=atom&action=historyHindu-Arabic numerals - Revision history2024-03-28T22:33:01ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.19.2http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&diff=22791&oldid=prevVolodyA! V Anarhist: /* Position value */ ' too2015-06-09T19:05:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Position value: </span> ' too</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The major innovation of the Arabic system over earlier number systems is the use of place value for the digits. A number is written as a series of digits from most-significant at the left to least-significant at the right, where each digit represents a value one-tenth of what that same digit would represent one place to the left, or ten times what that digit would represent one place to the right; in other words, the digits are multiplied by powers of ten. This is known as "base ten" (presumably chosen in ancient times due to humans normally having ten fingers to count on).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The major innovation of the Arabic system over earlier number systems is the use of place value for the digits. A number is written as a series of digits from most-significant at the left to least-significant at the right, where each digit represents a value one-tenth of what that same digit would represent one place to the left, or ten times what that digit would represent one place to the right; in other words, the digits are multiplied by powers of ten. This is known as "base ten" (presumably chosen in ancient times due to humans normally having ten fingers to count on).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>If the number has a fractional part, it can be represented with a decimal point after the units digit and succeeding digits representing tenths, hundredths, and so on. The character used for the decimal point varies by country; Americans use a dot (.), while some other countries use a comma (,). Since many [[Programming Languages|programming languages]] were developed by Americans, the dot is typically used there. For formatting purposes, it is common to put a separator between groups of three digits in numbers with four or more digits, and in countries that use a dot for a decimal point, a comma is often used here, and vice versa. Spaces are sometimes used as a separator to display numbers in a country-neutral way.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>If the number has a fractional part, it can be represented with a decimal point after the units digit and succeeding digits representing tenths, hundredths, and so on. The character used for the decimal point varies by country; Americans use a dot (.), while some other countries use a comma (,). Since many [[Programming Languages|programming languages]] were developed by Americans, the dot is typically used there. For formatting purposes, it is common to put a separator between groups of three digits in numbers with four or more digits, and in countries that use a dot for a decimal point, a comma is often used here, and vice versa. Spaces <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or apostrophes </ins>are sometimes used as a separator to display numbers in a country-neutral way.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Bases ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Bases ==</div></td></tr>
</table>VolodyA! V Anarhisthttp://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&diff=22736&oldid=prevVolodyA! V Anarhist at 08:31, 9 June 20152015-06-09T08:31:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|subcat=Written Languages</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|subcat=Written Languages</div></td></tr>
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</table>VolodyA! V Anarhisthttp://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&diff=14093&oldid=prevDan Tobias at 04:49, 15 October 20132013-10-15T04:49:21Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Hindu-Arabic numerals''' (or simply "Arabic numerals") are the standard numbers used in most of the world. They are named this way because they were first introduced by the Hindu people of India, then came by way of the Arabs (who added the important concept of zero) to the western world, where it supplanted earlier number systems such as [[Roman numerals]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Hindu-Arabic numerals''' (or simply "Arabic numerals") are the standard numbers used in most of the world. They are named this way because they were first introduced by the Hindu people of India, then came by way of the Arabs (who added the important concept of zero<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; however, some sources have it that the Indians added this themselves</ins>) to the western world, where it supplanted earlier number systems such as [[Roman numerals]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Confusingly, the "Arabic" numbers used by the western world are different in appearance from the forms used in Arabic-speaking countries, though the basic system is the same. It is a particular point of confusion that the Arabic-script digit "5" looks like a zero to Westerners. Similarly, there are different forms of the numerals in use in India.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Confusingly, the "Arabic" numbers used by the western world are different in appearance from the forms used in Arabic-speaking countries, though the basic system is the same. It is a particular point of confusion that the Arabic-script digit "5" looks like a zero to Westerners. Similarly, there are different forms of the numerals in use in India.</div></td></tr>
</table>Dan Tobiashttp://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&diff=14092&oldid=prevDan Tobias: /* References */2013-10-15T04:45:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals Arabic numerals (Wikipedia)]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals Arabic numerals (Wikipedia)]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [http://www.theguardian.com/science/alexs-adventures-in-numberland/2013/oct/07/mathematics1 Article on India's invention of the zero]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Dan Tobiashttp://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&diff=7235&oldid=prevDan Tobias: /* Bases */2012-12-04T00:56:06Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Bases</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It is possible to use the same digits to represent numbers in other bases (consisting of multiples of the powers of different numbers from 10), as frequently done by mathematicians and programmers. Bases less than 10 can be expressed with a subset of the normal digits, like 0-7 for octal and 0-1 for [[Base2|binary]]. For bases higher than 10, additional digits need to be introduced. Hexadecimal, used often by programmers, has a standard representation that uses the letters A through F to represent digits with values 10 through 15. [[Base64]], used as a transfer encoding for binary data, puts 64 different printable [[ASCII]] characters into service as digits.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It is possible to use the same digits to represent numbers in other bases (consisting of multiples of the powers of different numbers from 10), as frequently done by mathematicians and programmers. Bases less than 10 can be expressed with a subset of the normal digits, like 0-7 for octal and 0-1 for [[Base2|binary]]. For bases higher than 10, additional digits need to be introduced. Hexadecimal, used often by programmers, has a standard representation that uses the letters A through F to represent digits with values 10 through 15. [[Base64]], used as a transfer encoding for binary data, puts 64 different printable [[ASCII]] characters into service as digits.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are a few standard notations used in computer science to indicate which base a number is expressd in. Often, an extra leading zero before a number indicates octal, and "0x" before a number indicates hexadecimal. Other notations include a suffix "h" after a hexadecimal number, or a dollar sign ($) before a hexadecimal number.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals Arabic numerals (Wikipedia)]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals Arabic numerals (Wikipedia)]</div></td></tr>
</table>Dan Tobiashttp://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&diff=7234&oldid=prevDan Tobias at 00:53, 4 December 20122012-12-04T00:53:06Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Position value ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The major innovation of the Arabic system over earlier number systems is the use of place value for the digits. A number is written as a series of digits from most-significant at the left to least-significant at the right, where each digit represents a value one-tenth of what that same digit would represent one place to the left, or ten times what that digit would represent one place to the right; in other words, the digits are multiplied by powers of ten. This is known as "base ten" (presumably chosen in ancient times due to humans normally having ten fingers to count on).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If the number has a fractional part, it can be represented with a decimal point after the units digit and succeeding digits representing tenths, hundredths, and so on. The character used for the decimal point varies by country; Americans use a dot (.), while some other countries use a comma (,). Since many [[Programming Languages|programming languages]] were developed by Americans, the dot is typically used there. For formatting purposes, it is common to put a separator between groups of three digits in numbers with four or more digits, and in countries that use a dot for a decimal point, a comma is often used here, and vice versa. Spaces are sometimes used as a separator to display numbers in a country-neutral way.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Bases ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is possible to use the same digits to represent numbers in other bases (consisting of multiples of the powers of different numbers from 10), as frequently done by mathematicians and programmers. Bases less than 10 can be expressed with a subset of the normal digits, like 0-7 for octal and 0-1 for [[Base2|binary]]. For bases higher than 10, additional digits need to be introduced. Hexadecimal, used often by programmers, has a standard representation that uses the letters A through F to represent digits with values 10 through 15. [[Base64]], used as a transfer encoding for binary data, puts 64 different printable [[ASCII]] characters into service as digits.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals Arabic numerals (Wikipedia)]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals Arabic numerals (Wikipedia)]</div></td></tr>
</table>Dan Tobiashttp://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&diff=7233&oldid=prevDan Tobias: Created page with "{{FormatInfo |formattype=Languages |subcat=Written Languages }} '''Hindu-Arabic numerals''' (or simply "Arabic numerals") are the standard numbers used in most of the world. ..."2012-12-04T00:41:02Z<p>Created page with "{{FormatInfo |formattype=Languages |subcat=Written Languages }} '''Hindu-Arabic numerals''' (or simply "Arabic numerals") are the standard numbers used in most of the world. ..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{FormatInfo<br />
|formattype=Languages<br />
|subcat=Written Languages<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hindu-Arabic numerals''' (or simply "Arabic numerals") are the standard numbers used in most of the world. They are named this way because they were first introduced by the Hindu people of India, then came by way of the Arabs (who added the important concept of zero) to the western world, where it supplanted earlier number systems such as [[Roman numerals]].<br />
<br />
Confusingly, the "Arabic" numbers used by the western world are different in appearance from the forms used in Arabic-speaking countries, though the basic system is the same. It is a particular point of confusion that the Arabic-script digit "5" looks like a zero to Westerners. Similarly, there are different forms of the numerals in use in India.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Westernized numeral'''<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|2<br />
|3<br />
|4<br />
|5<br />
|6<br />
|7<br />
|8<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
|'''Arabic-script numeral'''<br />
|٠<br />
|١<br />
|٢<br />
|٣<br />
|٤<br />
|٥<br />
|٦<br />
|٧<br />
|٨<br />
|٩<br />
|-<br />
|'''Devangari numeral'''<br />
|०<br />
|१<br />
|२<br />
|३<br />
|४<br />
|५<br />
|६<br />
|७<br />
|८<br />
|९<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals Arabic numerals (Wikipedia)]</div>Dan Tobias