Just Solve the File Format Problem - User contributions [en]

Plain text

2023-12-28T14:55:35Z

Dexvertbot: Added sample files

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|extensions={{ext|txt}}, {{ext|text}}, {{ext|doc}}, {{ext|asc}}, {{noext}}, many others
|mimetypes={{mimetype|text/plain}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/111}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q1145976}}
}}
'''Plain text''' files (also known by the extension TXT) consist of characters encoded sequentially in some particular [[character encoding]]. Plain text files contain no formatting information other than white space characters. Some data formats (usually those intended to be human-readable) are based on plain text; see [[Text-based data]] for some structured formats that are stored in plain text (and hence can be opened in a plain text editor if no more specific program is available).

Traditionally, [[ASCII]] was used much of the time for maximum interoperability, though many platform-specific character sets were also in use. For non-English text an encoding supporting a broader character repertoire is needed, often [[UTF-8]] nowadays. Note that if the file consists only of 7-bit ASCII characters, the bytes of the file are identical in us-ascii, ISO-8859-1, UTF-8, and a number of other encodings, so such a file can be identified as any of these depending on what is most convenient for a particular application. It is only when characters out of this repertoire are used that encoding-specific details need be considered. Some formats, such as [[HTML]] and [[XML]], provide some sort of escape sequences (such as ampersands used for character references and entities) allowing special characters to be referenced within the document while leaving the document itself entirely ASCII.

Another point of contention or incompatibility in text-file formats is the conventions for line and paragraph breaks. Depending on what system the file was created on or intended to be viewed on, line breaks may be done as Carriage Return (ASCII 0D hex) and Linefeed (ASCII 0A hex) together (usually in that order, though in rare cases in the opposite order), or just one of those characters alone. Some text viewing or editing programs that are not cross-platform-friendly will really mess up badly in attempting to view/edit files using a different line break convention than the program expects, so you might see lines overwriting one another instead of going to the next line, or peculiar control characters show up within the file, or other strangeness. Files with linefeed alone are often referred to as "UNIX mode" (and the linefeed, in this context, referred to as NL for Newline), while files with carriage return alone are referred to as "Mac mode" (though it's also common in other early platforms such as the Apple II and Commodore 64, and no longer used in current Macs), while the CR+LF format is called "DOS" or "PC" or "Windows" mode (though it was used in various mainframes and network protocols as well).

Files may also use hard line breaks to keep line length within a fixed number of columns (usually 80, but other values such as 40 or 65 are used sometimes), or just have line breaks at the end of paragraphs and expect systems to word-wrap long lines; encountering files of a different convention than you expect may result in lines running way off to the right of the screen and requiring horizontal scrolling, or else short, choppy lines. Many text editors have a "paragraph reformat" command to bring paragraphs into compliance with your desired conventions.

Most operating systems include a simple text editor (e.g., Windows Notepad) which can open text files, but many other text editors exist (and computer people sometimes have "holy wars" over which one is best). Some of the common text editors are EMACS, vi, and UltraEdit. In the earlier days of computing, there was less distinction between text editors and word processors than there is now, as word processors generally used a format that was mostly plain text and could even be completely plain text if you refrained from using special embedded commands and features. However, modern word processors such as Microsoft Word default to using program-specific save formats that have little resemblance to plain text, unless you go out of your way to "Save As" .txt. A common "newbie error" is to attempt to create or edit plain text files in such a program, leaving the files as proprietarily-formatted in a way that messes up the operation of other programs that expect to find plain text.

Creating artwork using text characters is known as [[ASCII Art]], or other variants such as [[ANSI Art]] if special control or escape codes are used in addition to the plain text characters.

== Extension ==

The traditional extension for text files is <code>.txt</code>, but lots of other extensions have been used. Occasionally on systems permitting extensions longer than three letters, <code>.text</code> has been used, and <code>.asc</code> for ASCII has also had some use; <code>.doc</code> has also sometimes been used for files "documenting" something (like the manual accompanying a piece of downloaded software), but that went out of common use once that extension became associated with Microsoft Word's [[DOC]] format.

== Identification ==

[[UTF-32]] text files are arrays of 32-bit integers representing Unicode code points and are usually detected by starting with the ''Byte Order Mark'' (BOM) consisting of the bytes <code>FF FE 00 00</code> (for little endian <code>0x0000FEFF</code>) or <code>00 00 FE FF</code> (for big endian <code>0x0000FEFF</code>). In some cases UTF-32 files may occur without the BOM, however, only <code>0x00000000</code>—<code>0x0000D7FF</code> and <code>0x0000E000</code>—<code>0x0010FFFF</code> are valid ranges for dwords; <code>0x0000D800</code>—<code>0x0000DFFF</code> and <code>0x00110000</code>—<code>0xFFFFFFFF</code> are invalid.

[[UTF-16]] text files are arrays of 16-bit integers representing code units and are usually detected by starting with the byte order mark (BOM) consisting of the bytes <code>FF FE</code> (for little endian <code>0xFEFF</code>) or <code>FE FF</code> (for big endian <code>0xFEFF</code>). However, in some cases UTF-16 files may occur without the BOM, in which case, detection is not guaranteed to be reliable, but the line feed (<code>0x000A</code>) in its byte reversal (<code>0x0A00</code>) is not in ''Unicode 15.1'', and null bytes are unlikely to occur in other text encodings, so the presence of word-aligned <code>00 0A</code> or <code>0A 00</code> can rule out 8-bit encodings and one of the endianness and therefore may be used for UTF-16 detection. On the other hand, the bytes <code>0D 0A</code> in little endian form <code>U+0A0D</code> which is not in ''Unicode 15.1'' either but it is a common newline in 8-bit encodings. The detection of [[UCS-2]] text works similarly, since UCS-2 is the precursor of UTF-16, as UTF-16 introduced surrogate pairs formed by <code>0xD800</code>—<code>0xDBFF</code> followed by <code>0xDC00</code>—<code>0xDFFF</code>, with other combinations of <code>0xD800</code>—<code>0xDFFF</code> being invalid.

[[ASCII|ASCII-only]] text files may be detected by verifying that the file has all <code>0x01</code>—<code>0x7F</code> bytes. <code>0x80</code>—<code>0xFF</code> are not used in ASCII encoding, and null characters by <code>0x00</code> are not typically found in plain text; null bytes are much more likely to be in UTF-16 or UTF-32 text.

[[UTF-8]] text files may be detected by presence of any bytes from <code>0x80</code>—<code>0xFF</code> (to avoid UTF-8 for ASCII-only files), absence of null bytes (if UTF-16 and UTF-32 haven't been ruled out yet), and verifying that the file is valid UTF-8. UTF-8 has many error cases; the only valid bit patterns are <code>0xxxxxxx</code> (where x forms <code>0x00</code>—<code>0x7F</code>), <code>110xxxxx</code> <code>10xxxxxx</code> (where x forms <code>0x0080</code>—<code>0x07FF</code>, but not <code>0x00</code>—<code>0x7F</code>), <code>1110xxxx</code> <code>10xxxxxx</code> <code>10xxxxxx</code> (where x forms <code>0x0800</code>—<code>0xD7FF</code> <code>0xE000</code>—<code>0xFFFF</code>, but not <code>0x0000</code>—<code>0x07FF</code> or <code>0xD800</code>—<code>0xDFFF</code>), and <code>11110xxx</code> <code>10xxxxxx</code> <code>10xxxxxx</code> <code>10xxxxxx</code> (where x forms <code>0x10000</code>—<code>0x10FFFF</code>, but not <code>0x0000</code>—<code>0xFFFF</code> or <code>0x110000</code>—<code>0x1FFFFF</code>). UTF-8 text files may also start with the UTF-8 byte order mark (EF BB BF), but should still be verified for validity.

When a file is known to be a plain text file but [[UTF-32]], [[UTF-16]], [[ASCII]], and [[UTF-8]] were already ruled out, only 8-bit encodings or mixed single byte/double byte encodings (such as [[JIS|Shift JIS]]) remain. In this case, the only thing left (other than applying complex heuristics) is to use the regional or system text encoding, such as [[Windows 1252|CP1252]], [[Windows 1250|CP1250]], [[CP437]], [[CP852]], etc..

== See also ==
* [[Text file creation software]]

== Software ==
* [http://textract.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ Textract: extract text from various document formats]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|text/txt}}
* {{DexvertSamples|text/utf16Text}}

== Links and References ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file Text file (Wikipedia)]
* [http://textfiles.com/ textfiles.com: a site full of old text files]
* [http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/index.html Less: a Unix/Linux text file pager (for viewing files)]
* [http://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20120518233003/http://www.openplanetsfoundation.org/blogs/2011-08-16-scenario-discussion-text-files Scenario for discussion: Text files.]
* [http://graydon2.dreamwidth.org/193447.html Always bet on text]

[[Category:Text-based data]]
[[Category:File formats with too many extensions]]

User:Dexvertbot

2023-12-28T05:23:34Z

Dexvertbot: FINISHED migrating the telparia.com file sample links to a template with the new domain they are hosted on

I have finished migrating te telparia.com/fileFormatSamples to the new domain.

StuffIt

2023-12-28T05:19:42Z

Dexvertbot: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Archiving
|extensions={{ext|sit}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-stuffit}}, {{mimetype|application/x-sit}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/639}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/1459}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/1460}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q59535034}}
|type code={{Type Code|SIT!}}
|released=1987
}}
If somebody tells you '''StuffIt''', they might be brushing you off rudely, but, especially if they're a Mac user, they might just be recommending their favorite file archiver. Since the late 1980s, StuffIt has been the most popular file archiving system for the Mac platform, with a version available for Windows as well (though it never achieved a high degree of popularity there). Like a number of other Mac archivers, StuffIt supports storing the [[Resource Fork]] along with the "regular" file, which is one reason Mac-specific archivers were popular in preference to "generic" ones like [[ZIP]]. StuffIt also produced more compact archives than its main competitor [[PackIt]] at the time it was first released in 1987, when its author, Raymond Lau, was still in high school. It has faced other competitors since, but remained on top. In recent times, however, with OS X being [[Unix]]-based, traditional Unix archiving and compression programs such as [[Tape Archive|tar]] and [[gzip]] are getting increasing use on Macs.

The makers of StuffIt have also released the newer format [[StuffIt X]].

These formats remain proprietary, and do not interoperate with other programs unless they are officially licensed.

== History ==
StuffIt versions through 1.5.1 are credited to Raymond Lau. Following versions are by Aladdin Systems. Aladdin Systems was acquired by IMSI in 2004, and renamed to Allume Systems shortly afterward. In 2005, Allume Systems was acquired by Smith Micro.

== Compression methods ==
{| class="wikitable"
! ID !! Name !! Description
|-
|0 || None || Uncompressed
|-
|1 || RLE || [[RLE90]]
|-
|2 || LZW || [[LZW]], similar to [[compress (Unix)]]
|-
|3 || Huffman || Static [[Huffman coding]]
|-
|5 || LZAH || [[LZ77 with Huffman coding|LZ77+Huffman]] with [[Adaptive Huffman coding]]. Similar or identical to [[LHA]]'s "lh1" method.
|-
|6 || Fixed Huffman || Segmented. [[PackBits]], then optional [[Huffman coding]]. The set of Huffman codes is predefined, but the meaning of a code can be different in each segment.
|-
|8 || MW || "Miller-Wegman". Presumably [[LZMW]].
|-
|13 || LZ+Huffman ||
|-
|14 || Installer ||
|-
|15 || Arsenic ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[SEA (StuffIt)]]
* [[StuffIt X]]

== Identification ==
* Older StuffIt archives begin with ASCII "{{magic|SIT!}}", and have "{{magic|rLau}}" at offset 10. The byte at offset 14 (the version number) is 0x01 for versions 1.5.x and earlier, or 0x02 for versions 1.6 - 4.5.

* StuffIt 5 archives begin with a string of text that always starts with "{{magic|StuffIt (c)1997}}". The byte at offset 82 has value {{magic|0x05}}.

* See also [[StuffIt X#Identification]].

Some .SIT files start with a 128-byte [[MacBinary]] header.

== Software ==
* [http://www.stuffit.com Official site with downloads/purchases]
* [[The Unarchiver]] (based in part on XAD)
* [[macutil]] → macunpack
* [https://github.com/ParksProjets/Maconv Maconv] (based in part on The Unarchiver)
* {{XAD}} (mainly for Amiga)
* {{Deark}} (limited support)

== Format info ==
Original format:
* [http://apple2.org.za/gswv/a2zine/GS.WorldView/Resources/The.MacShrinkIt.Project/ARCHIVES.TXT Archive format info, including StuffIt]

V5 format:
* Comments and code in the [http://aminet.net/package/util/arc/xadmasterdev XAD] (StuffIt.c) and [[The Unarchiver]] (XADStuffIt5Parser.m) source code
* [https://github.com/ParksProjets/Maconv/blob/master/docs/stuffit/Stuffit_v5.md Maconv: Stuffit 5 format]

Other information:
* [http://www.russotto.net/arseniccomp.html StuffIt method 15 compression format]

==Screenshots==
[[Image:Stuffit151-About.png|400px]]

== Sample files ==
* http://cd.textfiles.com/carousel344/MACTOSH/ ...
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/sit}}
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/sea}}
* [https://archive.org/details/Macintosh_Garden_Collection Macintosh Garden Collection] ...

== Other links ==
* [[Wikipedia:StuffIt|Wikipedia article]]

[[Category:Macintosh]]

StuffIt

2023-12-28T05:19:32Z

Dexvertbot: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Archiving
|extensions={{ext|sit}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-stuffit}}, {{mimetype|application/x-sit}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/639}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/1459}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/1460}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q59535034}}
|type code={{Type Code|SIT!}}
|released=1987
}}
If somebody tells you '''StuffIt''', they might be brushing you off rudely, but, especially if they're a Mac user, they might just be recommending their favorite file archiver. Since the late 1980s, StuffIt has been the most popular file archiving system for the Mac platform, with a version available for Windows as well (though it never achieved a high degree of popularity there). Like a number of other Mac archivers, StuffIt supports storing the [[Resource Fork]] along with the "regular" file, which is one reason Mac-specific archivers were popular in preference to "generic" ones like [[ZIP]]. StuffIt also produced more compact archives than its main competitor [[PackIt]] at the time it was first released in 1987, when its author, Raymond Lau, was still in high school. It has faced other competitors since, but remained on top. In recent times, however, with OS X being [[Unix]]-based, traditional Unix archiving and compression programs such as [[Tape Archive|tar]] and [[gzip]] are getting increasing use on Macs.

The makers of StuffIt have also released the newer format [[StuffIt X]].

These formats remain proprietary, and do not interoperate with other programs unless they are officially licensed.

== History ==
StuffIt versions through 1.5.1 are credited to Raymond Lau. Following versions are by Aladdin Systems. Aladdin Systems was acquired by IMSI in 2004, and renamed to Allume Systems shortly afterward. In 2005, Allume Systems was acquired by Smith Micro.

== Compression methods ==
{| class="wikitable"
! ID !! Name !! Description
|-
|0 || None || Uncompressed
|-
|1 || RLE || [[RLE90]]
|-
|2 || LZW || [[LZW]], similar to [[compress (Unix)]]
|-
|3 || Huffman || Static [[Huffman coding]]
|-
|5 || LZAH || [[LZ77 with Huffman coding|LZ77+Huffman]] with [[Adaptive Huffman coding]]. Similar or identical to [[LHA]]'s "lh1" method.
|-
|6 || Fixed Huffman || Segmented. [[PackBits]], then optional [[Huffman coding]]. The set of Huffman codes is predefined, but the meaning of a code can be different in each segment.
|-
|8 || MW || "Miller-Wegman". Presumably [[LZMW]].
|-
|13 || LZ+Huffman ||
|-
|14 || Installer ||
|-
|15 || Arsenic ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[SEA (StuffIt)]]
* [[StuffIt X]]

== Identification ==
* Older StuffIt archives begin with ASCII "{{magic|SIT!}}", and have "{{magic|rLau}}" at offset 10. The byte at offset 14 (the version number) is 0x01 for versions 1.5.x and earlier, or 0x02 for versions 1.6 - 4.5.

* StuffIt 5 archives begin with a string of text that always starts with "{{magic|StuffIt (c)1997}}". The byte at offset 82 has value {{magic|0x05}}.

* See also [[StuffIt X#Identification]].

Some .SIT files start with a 128-byte [[MacBinary]] header.

== Software ==
* [http://www.stuffit.com Official site with downloads/purchases]
* [[The Unarchiver]] (based in part on XAD)
* [[macutil]] → macunpack
* [https://github.com/ParksProjets/Maconv Maconv] (based in part on The Unarchiver)
* {{XAD}} (mainly for Amiga)
* {{Deark}} (limited support)

== Format info ==
Original format:
* [http://apple2.org.za/gswv/a2zine/GS.WorldView/Resources/The.MacShrinkIt.Project/ARCHIVES.TXT Archive format info, including StuffIt]

V5 format:
* Comments and code in the [http://aminet.net/package/util/arc/xadmasterdev XAD] (StuffIt.c) and [[The Unarchiver]] (XADStuffIt5Parser.m) source code
* [https://github.com/ParksProjets/Maconv/blob/master/docs/stuffit/Stuffit_v5.md Maconv: Stuffit 5 format]

Other information:
* [http://www.russotto.net/arseniccomp.html StuffIt method 15 compression format]

==Screenshots==
[[Image:Stuffit151-About.png|400px]]

== Sample files ==
* http://cd.textfiles.com/carousel344/MACTOSH/ ...
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/sit}
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/sea}
* [https://archive.org/details/Macintosh_Garden_Collection Macintosh Garden Collection] ...

== Other links ==
* [[Wikipedia:StuffIt|Wikipedia article]]

[[Category:Macintosh]]

Tape Archive

2023-12-28T05:19:11Z

Dexvertbot: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Archiving
|extensions={{ext|tar}}, {{ext|tgz}}, {{ext|tbz}}, {{ext|txz}}, {{ext|tlz}}, {{ext|tsz}}, {{ext|taz}}, {{ext|tz}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-tar}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/265}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000531}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q283579}}
|released=1979
}}
:''This article is about the electronic archive format. For physical tape archives, see [[Magnetic tape]] or [[Punched tape]].''

'''Tape Archive''' ('''tar''') is a traditional UNIX archive format, defined in POSIX.1-1988 and later POSIX.1-2001. Its original purpose was to archive files on backup tapes. Archived data in the tar format is sometimes referred to as a "tarball".

== Compression ==
While tar itself does not offer any compression, it's frequently used together with a stream compression format such as [[gzip]], [[bzip2]], or [[XZ]] to provide file archiving plus compression. Most modern implementations of tar, present in UNIX/Linux systems, offer built-in support for this combined operation by using a modifier such as '''z''' (gzip) or '''j''' (bzip2). When extracting files, the compression format can sometimes be detected and handled automatically.

Files compressed this way should have a dual file extension such as .tar.gz or tar.bz2. Sometimes the .tgz extension is used in place of .tar.gz. Rarely, other shortened extensions are used:
* .tbz and .tbz2 instead of .tar.bz2 ([[bzip2]])
* .txz instead of .tar.xz ([[XZ]])
* .tlz instead of .tar.lz ([[Lzip]]) or .tar.lzma ([[LZMA Alone|LZMA_Alone]])
* .tsz instead of .tar.sz ([[Sunzip]])
* .taz instead of .tar.Z ([[compress]]) (or possibly some other compressed format)
* .tz instead of .tar.Z ([[compress]]) (or possibly some other compressed format)

== Variants ==

There exist some variants to the TAR archive format. The original POSIX.1-1988 TAR format had limitations on the type of files it could contain and the length of filenames. That's why the USTAR format was later developed and standardized as POSIX IEEE P1003.1. Jörg Schilling has collected some information about the different implementations; see the references section. There's also an old version (often referred to as "non-ANSI Tar" or simply "old Tar") which both GNU Tar and STar can read and write.

[[Pax]] is a system of extensions to USTAR format.

== Identification ==
Most modern tar files use a format based on either GNU Tar or POSIX/USTAR. GNU Tar files have the signature "{{magic|ustar }}" (with a trailing space) at offset 257, and POSIX/USTAR files have "{{magic|ustar\0}}" at offset 257.

Some other variants have the signature "{{magic|tar\0}}" at offset 508.

But most older tar files have no signature, and must be identified by other means. Validating that the checksum field at offset 148 is well-formed and accurate is a possibility.

Note that most tar files have no global file header, so the tests suggested here are actually looking at the first member file in the archive.

== See also ==
* [[AR]] - comparable format
* [[cpio]] - comparable format
* [[Disk Archiver]] (DAR) was intended by its authors as a replacement for TAR, supporting file compression among other features.
* [[Pax]] - extension

== Examples ==
To list the contents of a .tar.gz archive:

tar tvzf example.tar.gz

To extract a .tar.gz archive to the current directory:

tar xvzf example.tar.gz

With some versions of tar, the "<code>z</code>" flag can be omitted when extracting or listing ("<code>tar xvf ...</code>").

To compress two files into a .tar.gz archive:

tar cvzf example2.tar.gz inputfile1 inputfile2

== Specifications ==
* [http://linux.die.net/man/1/tar Linux man page for tar]
* [https://github.com/libarchive/libarchive/wiki/ManPageTar5 man page for bsdtar]
** [http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tar&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+8-current FreeBSD man page]
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Tar-Internals.html GNU Tar: Tar Internals]
* [http://cdrtools.sourceforge.net/private/man/star/star.4.html star man page] by Jörg Schilling
* [https://twitter.com/angealbertini/status/532263011952513024/photo/1 Chart of TAR format]

== Software ==
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/ GNU Tar] · [https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/ Documentation] · [https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tar Development]
* [https://www.libarchive.org libarchive / bsdtar]
* [[7-Zip]]
* {{Deark}}

== Sample files ==
* https://github.com/mgorny/tar-test-inputs
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/tar}}

== References ==

* [[Wikipedia: tar (computing)]]
* [https://xkcd.com/1168/ XKCD comic]
* [http://superuser.com/questions/234649/how-to-extract-a-tar-file-tgz-in-windows Discussion on extracting a .tgz file]
* [https://dev.gentoo.org/~mgorny/articles/portability-of-tar-features.html Portability of tar features]
* [https://invisible-island.net/autoconf/portability-tar.html TAR versus Portability]

[[Category:Backup]]

JPEG

2023-12-28T05:18:50Z

Dexvertbot: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|thiscat=JPEG
|extensions={{ext|jpg}}, {{ext|jpeg}}, {{ext|jpe}}, {{ext|jif}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/jpeg}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000017}}, others
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/41}}, others
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q27996264}}
|released=1992
|kaitai struct=jpeg
}}
'''JPEG''' is a popular raster image format well-suited to photographic images. It usually uses lossy [[DCT compression]]. It is named after the Joint Photographic Experts Group, the organization which developed the format. It is sometimes called '''JPEG1''', '''JPEG-1''', or '''JPEG 1992''' to help disambiguate it. (Also see [[JPEG 2000]] and [[JP2]].)

== Terminology ==
''(In which we discuss the tired old question of whether JPEG is a file format, or a compression standard)''

In the original specification (ITU-T Rec. T.81), the term ''JPEG'' refers only to an organization. The serialized form of the compression format it defines is referred to only as the "interchange format".

The followup ITU-T Rec. T.84 document says that ''JPEG'' can also refer to a set of ''standards'', including at least Rec. T.81, Rec. T.83, and Rec. T.84. It also informally uses ''JPEG'' to refer to the Rec. T.81 interchange format.

ITU-T Rec. T.851 refers to the interchange format as ''JPEG-1''.

The interchange format is ''almost'' a full-fledged portable file format, lacking only standard conventions and/or standard metadata elements to tell how to interpret it as an image. The missing pieces can be added in various ways. Some file formats, including [[JFIF]], do so in such a way that the interchange format is used directly as a file format. In practice, the term ''JPEG'' often refers to the family of such file formats, and this usage does not seem unreasonable, especially since there is no other suitable name. The term '''JIF''' (for ''JPEG Interchange Format'') has been tossed around, but it is an ambiguous term that doesn't necessarily refer to a file format, and it's unusable in practice due to similarity to [[GIF]].

It could be that ''JPEG'' is sometimes misused to mean [[JFIF]], but such an accusation might be relying on the incorrect assumption that '''.jpg''' files always use JFIF format.

== Portability ==
In and of itself, JPEG is not really a suitable format for image interchange, for several reasons:
* It essentially only defines a way to store one or more arrays of numbers. It does not say how to interpret those numbers as an image. The decoder will just have to guess.
* It is large and general, and it might be unrealistic to expect every decoder to support all of it.
* It defines no standard metadata elements.

To address these issues, a number of JPEG subformats have been invented. [[JFIF]] is by far the most popular of them, though a significant minority of JPEG files use [[Exif]] instead. The [[SPIFF]] file format was intended as a replacement for JFIF, but never caught on.

In practice, a portable JPEG file is pretty much "whatever the libjpeg software supports". This includes some varieties (such as RGB color) that do not conform to JFIF, and excludes some (such as lossless JPEG) that do.

== Format ==
A JPEG file consists largely of a sequence of tagged segments. Each segment begins with a two-byte "marker". (The term "marker" is often used to refer to the entire segment.) The first byte of a marker is 0xff. The second may have any value except 0x00 or 0xff, and indicates the type of data stored in the segment. Segment types are assigned names; for example, 0xd9 is "SOI", and 0xe1 is "APP1".

Segment types 0x01, and 0xd0 through 0xd9, consist entirely of the two-byte marker. All other markers are followed by a two-byte integer indicating the size of the segment, followed by the payload data contained in the segment.

The image data is the exception to this segmented format. It appears following an "SOS" (0xda) segment, but there is no prefix to indicate its size. Instead, any 0xff bytes in the image data are escaped as 0xff 0x00, so that they won't be mistaken for markers. (Note that some JPEG-like formats, such as [[JPEG-LS]] and [[JPEG 2000 codestream]], use different rules for escaping 0xff bytes.)

=== Application segments ===
There are 16 segment types reserved for application-specific data: 0xe0 ("APP0") through 0xef ("APP15").

An APP segment's data often begins with NUL-terminated text string to identify the type of data contained in it. The actual payload data then begins after the NUL byte. This convention was standardized by ISO/IEC 10918-4:1999 (see ITU-T Rec. T.86), but is not as universal as one might hope. Most APP segments do have a signature of some sort, but because there is no simple matching algorithm that always works, identifying the signature can be difficult.

== Identifiers ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! PRONOM
! LoCFDD
|-
|JPEG || {{PRONOM|fmt/41}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000017}}
|-
|Baseline JPEG || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000149}}
|-
|Progressive JPEG || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000333}}
|-
|[[Lossless JPEG (original)|Lossless JPEG]] || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000334}}
|-
|Other JPEG || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000150}}
|-
|JFIF 1.00 || {{PRONOM|fmt/42}}
|-
|JFIF 1.01 || {{PRONOM|fmt/43}}
|-
|[[JFIF]] 1.02 || {{PRONOM|fmt/44}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000018}}
|-
|Exif 2.0 JPEG || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/398}} ||rowspan="5"| {{LoCFDD|fdd000147}}
|-
|Exif 2.1 JPEG || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/390}}
|-
|[[Exif]] 2.2 JPEG || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/391}}
|-
|Exif 2.21 JPEG || {{PRONOM|fmt/645}}
|-
|Exif 2.3.x JPEG || {{PRONOM|fmt/1507}}
|-
|[[SPIFF]] || {{PRONOM|fmt/112}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000019}}
|}

== Identification ==
JPEG files begin with bytes <code>ff d8 ff</code>.

However, this does not distinguish them from [[JPEG-LS]]. To do that reliably, one may have to scan the file to look for one of the valid SOF segment types.

== Types of JPEG files ==
The following types are not disjoint. For example, a progressive JPEG may use arithmetic coding.

Some JPEG images do not belong to any of these types. An SOF1 segment is used if no other SOF segment applies.

=== Baseline ===
JPEGs with an SOF0 segment are known as ''Baseline'' JPEGs. They are always lossy, not progressive, use Huffman coding, and have a bit depth of 8. Every application that supports JPEG is supposed to at least support Baseline JPEG.

=== Progressive ===
Progressive JPEG rearranges the image data, so that the the first part of it represents a very low quality version of the entire image, rather than a high quality version of a small part of the image.

A progressive JPEG is identified by the presence of an SOF2, SOF6, SOF10, or SOF14 segment.

=== Non-interleaved ===
Color JPEG images may be either ''interleaved'' or ''non-interleaved''.

In an interleaved JPEG, all the color components (e.g. Y, Cb, Cr) for a pixel are stored close together in the file.

In a non-interleaved JPEG, the image is separated into its color components, and each component is stored separately in the file.

Interleaving is not a simple yes/no option, because a single image may use both interleaved and non-interleaved scans (SOS segments) – in fact, progressive JPEGs usually do just that. Some JPEG decoders do not support non-interleaved images unless they use progressive encoding.

=== Arithmetic coding ===
Even lossy JPEG makes use of a lossless compression algorithm. The lossless algorithm is usually [[Huffman coding]], but [[arithmetic coding]] may be used instead. JPEG's arithmetic coding usually results in a smaller file size, but it is not as widely supported as one might hope, probably because it used to be encumbered by [[patents]].

An arithmetic-coded JPEG is identified by the presence of an SOF9, SOF10, SOF11, SOF13, SOF14, or SOF15 segment.

=== 12-bit ===
Except for Baseline JPEG, all lossy types of JPEG may use a bit depth of either 8 or 12 bits per sample. However, few applications support anything other than 8 bits.

Starting with version 9a, IJG libjpeg also supports bit depths of 9, 10, and 11. These depths are nonstandard, and libjpeg's implementation is nearly unusable in practice, because it only supports a single bit depth, which must be selected at compile time.

=== Lossless JPEG ===
:''Main article: [[Lossless JPEG (original)]]''

JPEG supports true lossless compression, but it is used so rarely that JPEG is commonly thought of as strictly a lossy format.

A lossless JPEG is identified by the presence of an SOF3, SOF7, SOF11, or SOF15 segment.

See also the [[Lossless JPEG|Lossless JPEG disambiguation page]], for other uses of the term.

=== Hierarchical ===
Also called "differential", hierarchical JPEG is vaguely similar to progressive JPEG, but geared toward storing multiple sizes of the same image, such that the decoder can select the size it prefers. Hierarchical JPEGs are, to a close approximation, nonexistent.

A hierarchical JPEG is identified by the presence of an SOF5, SOF6, SOF7, SOF13, SOF14, or SOF15 segment.

== Color format ==
There are five JPEG color types that are reasonably portable:
# Grayscale
# YCbCr
# RGB
# YCCK
# CMYK

To make the compression more effective, RGB images are almost always transformed to YCbCr format when they are written to a JPEG file. However, many applications will still report that such images use "RGB" color. This may be because their authors weren't aware of the transformation, or because they considered it to be an internal part of the compression algorithm as opposed to a different colorspace. Unfortunately, this inconsistent terminology can make it hard to distinguish YCbCr JPEGs from the rare JPEGs that really do use RGB color.

YCCK is a transformed version of CMYK, and the same terminology confusion exists as with YCbCr and RGB.

The JPEG format does not have any clear way to indicate the color type of an image. Decoders usually determine the color type based on several factors:
* The number of color components
* The presence of a JFIF application segment
* The "color transform" field of the APP14 "Adobe" segment, if present
* The component ID numbers ({82, 71, 66} suggests RGB)

== SmartScale ==
Starting with version 7 or 8, the IJG libjpeg software has been adding nonstandard "SmartScale" scaling and color transform features of debatable merit<ref>[http://www.libjpeg-turbo.org/About/SmartScale A Study on the Usefulness of DCT Scaling and SmartScale]</ref><ref>[http://hardwarebug.org/2010/02/01/ijg-swings-again-and-misses/ IJG swings again, and misses]</ref>.

Notably, it is possible to achieve lossless DCT compression by setting the DCT block size to 1, and using RGB color if necessary.

Version 9 introduced a "reversible color transform" feature that can improve the compression of RGB images. Files with this feature contain a JPG8 (0xf8) segment.

== Related Formats ==
* [[JFIF]] is a subformat and extension, and uses APP0 "JFIF" and APP0 "JFXX" segments.
* [[SPIFF]] is a subformat and extension, and uses an APP8 "SPIFF" segment.
* [[JPEG-HDR]] is an extension, and uses APP11 segments.
* [[JPEG XT]] is an extension.
* [[JPEG 360]] is an extension, and/or a metadata format.
* [[JPS]] is an extension, and uses an APP3 "_JPSJPS_" segment.
* [[Multi-Picture Format]] is an extension, and uses an APP2 "MPF" segment.
* The [[Exif]] standard uses an APP1 "Exif" segment.
* [[FlashPix]] data is contained in APP2 "FPXR" segments in Exif-compliant JPEGs. Refer to the [[Exif]] specification.
* [[Photoshop Image Resources]] is contained in an APP13 "Photoshop 3.0" segment.
* [[IPTC-IIM]] metadata often appears in JPEG files, embedded in [[Photoshop Image Resources]].
* [[XMP]] metadata is contained in an APP1 <nowiki>"http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/"</nowiki> segment.
* [[ICC profile]] data is contained in an APP2 "ICC_PROFILE" segment.
* Many other file formats, such as [[TIFF]], [[MNG]]/[[JNG]], and [[PDF]], can contain JPEG-compressed data or encapsulated JPEG files.
* ''(And we heard you like JPEG...)'' JPEG files themselves often contain thumbnail images in the form of embedded JPEG files, via formats such as [[Exif]], [[Photoshop Image Resources]], or [[JFIF]].

Formats that are '''not''' compatible with JPEG include [[JPEG-LS]], [[JPEG 2000]], [[JPEG XR]], and presumably [[JPEG XL]].

== Specifications ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf ITU-T Rec. T.81] (originally CCITT Rec. T.81): The JPEG standard
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.83/en ITU-T Rec. T.83]: Compliance testing
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.84/en ITU-T Rec. T.84]: Extensions
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.86/en ITU-T Rec. T.86]: Registration of JPEG Profiles, etc.
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.851-200509-I/en ITU-T Rec. T.851]: (JPEG-1)-based still-image coding using an alternative arithmetic coder
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.872/en ITU-T Rec. T.872]: Application to printing systems
* [https://exiftool.org/TagNames/JPEG.html#Adobe ExifTool: The APP14 "Adobe" segment]
* ISO/IEC 10918: Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images
** [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=18902 ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994] - Requirements and guidelines
*** [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=41504 ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994/Cor 1:2005] - Patent information update
** [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=20689 ISO/IEC 10918-2:1995] - Compliance testing
** [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25037 ISO/IEC 10918-3:1997] - Extensions
*** ISO/IEC 10918-3:1997/Amd 1:1999 - Refer to [[SPIFF]]
** [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25431 ISO/IEC 10918-4:1999] - Registration of JPEG profiles, ...
*** [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=59454 ISO/IEC 10918-4:1999/Amd 1:2013] - Application specific marker list
** ISO/IEC 10918-5:2013 - Refer to [[JFIF]]
** [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=59634 ISO/IEC 10918-6:2013] - Application to printing systems
** [https://www.iso.org/standard/75845.html ISO/IEC 10918-7:2019] - Reference software
* [https://jpeg.org/jpegsystems/index.html ISO/IEC 19566: JPEG Systems] (a collection of JPEG-related standards)
** [https://www.iso.org/standard/65348.html ISO/IEC 19566-1]: Packaging of information using codestreams and file formats
** [https://www.iso.org/standard/67704.html ISO/IEC 19566-2]: Transport mechanisms and packaging
** [https://www.iso.org/standard/73607.html ISO/IEC 19566-4]: Privacy, security and IPR features
** [https://www.iso.org/standard/73604.html ISO/IEC 19566-5]: JPEG Universal Metadata Box Format (JUMBF)
** ISO/IEC 19566-6 - Refer to [[JPEG 360]]
** [https://www.iso.org/standard/78466.html ISO/IEC 19566-7]: JPEG Linked Media Format
* [https://jpeg.org/downloads/jpeg/wg1n76028-CfP-JPEG-reference-software.pdf Final Call for Proposal for a JPEG Reference Software] (2017-07)

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/jpg}}

== Metaformat files ==
* {{Synalysis|jpeg}}

== Software ==
Nearly all serious graphics applications, including web browsers, support JPEG. This section primarily lists libraries and tools.

* [http://www.ijg.org/ The Independent JPEG Group's software], commonly known as ''libjpeg'' or ''IJG libjpeg''
* [http://libjpeg-turbo.virtualgl.org/ libjpeg-turbo]
* [https://github.com/thorfdbg/libjpeg Thomas Richter's libjpeg]: C++ library that supports all of the JPEG standard
* [https://github.com/mozilla/mozjpeg/ mozjpeg: Improved JPEG encoding library from Mozilla]
** [http://calendar.perfplanet.com/2014/mozjpeg-3-0/ Info on mozjpeg 3.0]
* [https://research.googleblog.com/2017/03/announcing-guetzli-new-open-source-jpeg.html Guetzli] - JPEG encoder optimized for file size
** [https://github.com/google/guetzli Source code at GitHub]
* [http://coptr.digipres.org/Bad_Peggy Bad Peggy: scans images for problems]

== Notes ==
When saving a JPEG image from [[Twitter]] in Google Chrome / Chromium, it will save with the default extension '''.jpg-large'''. This is due to a [https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=172529 known bug] (and one which shows no signs of being solved any time soon) in the way the browser sanitises Twitter image URLs (the filename is determined to be e.g. Xyzxyzxyz.jpg:large, which is sanitised to Xyzxyzxyz.jpg-large).

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:JPEG|JPEG (Wikipedia)]]
* [https://exiftool.org/TagNames/JPEG.html ExifTool JPEG Tags]
* [https://www.disktuna.com/list-of-jpeg-markers/ List of JPEG Markers]
* [http://blog.sucuri.net/2013/07/malware-hidden-inside-jpg-exif-headers.html Malware Hidden Inside JPG EXIF Headers]
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/what-is-a-jpeg-the-invisible-object-you-see-every-day/279954/ What Is a JPEG? The Invisible Object You See Every Day]
* [http://l0ss.elliepritts.com/ Project L0SS], a collection of images demonstrating the glitches and artifacts caused by repeatedly recompressing JPEG images
* [http://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/03/05/mozilla-launches-jpeg-encoder-mozjpeg-improve-compression-rates-reduce-network-traffic-page-loads/ Mozilla launches JPEG encoder mozjpeg to reduce webpage loads, results show up to 10% decrease in file size]
* [http://andreasgal.com/2014/07/15/improving-jpeg-image-encoding/ Improving JPEG image encoding]
* [http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/07/we-dont-need-new-image-formats-mozilla-works-to-build-a-better-jpeg/ We don’t need new image formats: Mozilla works to build a better JPEG]
* [http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-image-compression Explanation of JPEG compression algorithm]
* [https://github.com/lclevy/libcraw2/blob/master/docs/cr2_lossless.pdf Lossless JPEG decompression]
* [http://xooyoozoo.github.io/yolo-octo-bugfixes/ Online demonstrator]- shows quality differences between similarly-sized images in [[JPEG]], [[JP2]], [[WebP]] and [[BPG]] formats
* [https://github.com/mozilla/mozjpeg/issues/182 Method to improve JPEG compression that was the subject of a now-expired patent]
* [https://medium.freecodecamp.com/how-jpg-works-a4dbd2316f35 How JPG Works]
* [http://frdx.free.fr/JPEG_for_the_horseshoe_crabs.pdf JPEG for the horseshoe crabs]
* [http://cloudinary.com/blog/why_jpeg_is_like_a_photocopier Why JPEG is like a photocopier] - discussion of generation loss in JPEG and other lossy formats (with examples)
* [http://openpreservation.org/blog/2017/04/09/using-exiftool-to-address-tag-out-of-sequence-errors-in-images-and-a-101-level-dive-into-tags/ Using EXIFTool to address “Tag out of sequence” errors in images (and a 101 level dive into tags)]
* [https://openpreservation.org/blog/2019/11/07/jpeg-got-the-blues/ JPEG Got the Blues] - on properly rendering 32-bit (CMYK) JPEGs
* [https://yasoob.me/posts/understanding-and-writing-jpeg-decoder-in-python/ Understanding and Decoding a JPEG Image using Python]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Compression]]
[[Category:JPEG (organization)]]

WordStar

2023-12-28T05:18:35Z

Dexvertbot: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Document
|subcat2=Word Processor
|extensions={{ext|ws}}, {{ext|ws3}}, {{ext|wsd}}, others
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/370}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/260}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/205}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/236}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/237}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/261}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/206}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/262}}
|released=1978
}}
'''WordStar''' was a word processor originally released in 1978 which was extremely popular in the early 1980s before losing ground to other word processors (particularly [[WordPerfect]]). Many professional writers used it in that era, and given their notorious conservatism regarding tools used for their writing, some are still using it to this day. This means that many original manuscripts are stored in this format.

The original version was for the CP/M operating system, but it was later ported to a number of other systems; the PC/MS-DOS version became the most popular one. The particular set of control keys used for accessing various functions (often requiring multiple keypresses) were widely imitated in other programs at the time, making a "de-facto standard" for editing keys that got even wider use than WordStar itself.

As with many early word processors, its files were basically plain text, with optional special functions causing control characters to be inserted. Files could be created or edited with any extension, but '''.ws''' (sometimes with an appended number to mark versions, like '''.ws3''') was commonly used.

One quirk present in versions prior to 5.0 was its use of the high bit of each byte of its files to denote the last letter of a word. This limited the character set to 7-bit [[ASCII]], where all characters in the document that were not the last letter of a word had a clear high bit (and thus had values from 00-7F hex corresponding to the ASCII values), while last letters had the high bit set (giving them values from 80-FF hex, but actually representing the corresponding characters from 00-7F). This interfered with internationalization, since it prevented the use of extended character sets beyond ASCII, and also resulted in WordStar files having characters at the end of words that looked like gibberish in other programs which interpreted the characters via some 8-bit encoding. Eventually this "feature" was dropped, but even in late versions extended characters were marked in the saved files by control characters both preceding and following them, making an 8-bit character take three bytes to store, which was necessary to preserve file compatibility (old WordStar files with high bits set at the end of words still needed to load correctly meaning that the program couldn't interpret high-bit characters as other characters in extended character sets without a special marker).

Extended characters (when they appeared in the special escaped sequence, consisting of character 1B hex, followed by the special character, followed by character 1C hex) were generally of the [[MS-DOS encodings]], at least if the file was created in a DOS version of WordStar.

There was also a [[WordStar 2000]] program, with its own different file format not compatible with other WordStar versions; this program (which, despite its name, was released in the 1980s, nowhere near the year 2000) was intended to be a new-generation word-processor to compete with the newer programs that were starting to catch on at the time, but didn't succeed and actually went out of use earlier than the original WordStar, which continued to get updated through the 1990s.

== Converting WordStar files with high bits set ==

Some other programs have special "WordStar import" features which handle high-bit characters, but if you need to deal with such files without a conversion utility, it's helpful to change high-bit characters to their corresponding 7-bit characters in order to have standard ASCII. This can be done simply in most programming or scripting languages; here's a Perl example, for instance.

open OUTFILE, ">out.txt";
open INFILE, "<in.ws";
while (<INFILE>)
{
tr [\200-\377] [\000-\177];
print OUTFILE $_;
}
close INFILE;
close OUTFILE;

== Control characters ==

These are the control characters as stored in WordStar documents, and their meanings. Most of them are program-specific, not corresponding to the standard [[C0 controls|ASCII control meanings]], though some of these are preserved. The toggle options were used at the start and end of blocks of text intended to be formatted in a particular way (e.g., bold). Since these control characters had different meanings as immediate commands when typed within WordStar, a different sequence of keys (shown in the "WordStar Key" column) was used to insert them into the document.

{| class="wikitable"
! title="Hexadecimal code point" | Hex
! title="Decimal code point" | Dec
! title="Standard ASCII Acronym" | ASCII Char
! title="Control key" | Ctrl Key
! title="WordStar Key" | WordStar Key
! title="Description and uses" | WordStar meaning
|-
|00||0||NUL||^@||Control-PZ||In some versions right-aligns text; in others fixes print head to absolute position of character in line
|-
|01||1||SOH||^A||Control-PA||Toggles alternate font
|-
|02||2||STX||^B||Control-PB||Toggles Bold mode
|-
|03||3||ETX||^C||Control-PC||Pause print for user response
|-
|04||4||EOT||^D||Control-PD||Toggles double-strike mode
|-
|05||5||ENQ||^E||Control-PE||Custom print control
|-
|06||6||ACK||^F||Control-PF||Phantom space
|-
|07||7||BEL||^G||Control-PG||Phantom rubout
|-
|08||8||BS||^H||Control-PH||Overprint previous character (backspace)
|-
|09||9||HT||^I||Control-PI||Tab
|-
|0A||10||LF||^J||Control-PJ||Linefeed: follows Carriage Return for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0B||11||VT||^K||Control-PK||In some versions, centers text; in others marks text to be indexed (placed both before and after the text sequence)
|-
|0C||12||FF||^L||Control-PL||Form feed (page break)
|-
|0D||13||CR||^M||Control-PM||Carriage Return: precedes Linefeed for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0E||14||SO||^N||Control-PN||Return to normal character width
|-
|0F||15||SI||^O||Control-PO||Non-breaking space
|-
|10||16||DLE||^P||Control-PP||Unused
|-
|11||17||DC1||^Q||Control-PQ||Custom print control
|-
|12||18||DC2||^R||Contorl-PR||Custom print control
|-
|13||19||DC3||^S||Control-PS||Toggles underline mode
|-
|14||20||DC4||^T||Control-PT||Toggles superscript mode
|-
|15||21||NAK||^U||Control-PU||Unused
|-
|16||22||SYN||^V||Control-PV||Toggles subscript mode
|-
|17||23||ETB||^W||Control-PW||Custom print control
|-
|18||24||CAN||^X||Control-PX||Toggles overstrike mode
|-
|19||25||EM||^Y||Control-PY||Toggles italic mode
|-
|1A||26||SUB||^Z||||End-of-file character
|-
|1B||27||ESC||^[||||Marks that following character is extended character
|-
|1C||28||FS||^\||||Marks that previous character is extended character (you need both 1B and 1C to delimit extended characters)
|-
|1D||29||GS||^]||||Symmetrical sequence start/stop character
|-
|1E||30||RS||^^||||Inactive Soft Hyphen
|-
|1F||31||US||^_||||Active Soft Hyphen
|-
|8D||141||||||||Soft Carriage Return (inserted, followed by normal linefeed 0A, to mark soft line break at word-wrap)
|-
|A0||160||||||||Soft Space
|}

== Dot commands ==

These commands are intended to be on a line by themselves, and started with the dot (.). This meant that regular text lines couldn't start with dots. Many other early word processors emulated WordStar in their use of "dot lines" for commands, though some of them required a control character to precede the dot in order to allow dots at the start of normal text lines. The specific commands varied a lot between programs, however.

:'''..''' Comment line (followed by comment text; not printed)
:'''.av''' Pause to ask user for value of variable
:'''.aw''' Turn aligning/word-wrap on or off
:'''.bn''' Select sheet feeder bin
:'''.cc ''n''''' Conditional column break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.co''' Specifies number of columns and optionally gutter width
:'''.cp ''n''''' Conditional page break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.cs ''string''''' Clear screen and display message
:'''.cv''' Convert note type (convert first type specified to second type)
:'''.cw ''n''''' Set character width to given number of 1/120 inch increments
:'''.df ''filename''''' Insert data file ([[CSV]], [[dBase III|dBase]], etc)
:'''.dm ''string''''' Display message
:'''.e#''' Set new value for endnote numbering
:'''.ei''' End .if block (must be paired up with .if command)
:'''.el''' Begins optional else clause after .if command
:'''.f#''' Set new value for footnote numbering, and optionally set whether it restarts each page or is consecutive
:'''.fi ''filename''''' Insert text file ([[ASCII]], WordStar, [[Lotus 1-2-3]], etc.)
:'''.fm ''n''''' Set footer margin (number of lines left blank between main text and first footer line; default 2; footer margin and footer lines must fit within bottom margin)
:'''.fo''' If followed by text string, sets footer line; without a string resets footer. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.f1''' First footer line (if using multiple-line footer)
:'''.f2''' Second footer line
:'''.f3''' Third footer line
:'''.f4''' Fourth footer line
:'''.f5''' Fifth footer line
:'''.go''' Go to top or bottom of document
:'''.he''' If followed by text string, sets header line; without a string resets header. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.h1''' First header line (if using multiple-line header)
:'''.h2''' Second header line
:'''.h3''' Third header line
:'''.h4''' Fourth header line
:'''.h5''' Fifth header line
:'''.hm ''n''''' Set header margin (number of lines left blank between last header line and top of main text; default 2; header margin and header lines must fit within top margin)
:'''.hy''' Turn auto-hyphenating on or off
:'''.if ''condition''''' Conditional clause: can test string variables with = < > <> and number variables with #= #<> #< #> and print/execute following lines up to .ei if true, and optional else clause starting with .el if false. May be nested up to 255 levels.
:'''.ig ''string''''' Ignore text on remainder of line (same as .. for comments).
:'''.ix''' Puts text on remainder of line in index. Main entries and subentries can be separated with comma. If text starts with - it's used as cross-reference, and if it starts with + the page number is boldfaced.
:'''.kr''' Adjust kerning
:'''.l#''' Turns line numbering on/off or specifies attributes of line numbering
:'''.lh ''n''''' Set line height to n 1/48-inch increments. Argument of a sets auto-leading.
:'''.lm ''n''''' Set left margin to n characters
:'''.lq''' Letter quality on/off
:'''.ls ''n''''' Set line spacing to n (1-9), where 1 is single-spaced, 2 double-spaced, etc.
:'''.ma''' Math: Store result of a calculation in a variable
:'''.mb ''n''''' Set bottom margin (must be big enough to include all footers)
:'''.mt ''n''''' Set top margin (must be big enough to include all headers)
:'''.oc''' Turn centering on or off
:'''.oj''' Turn output justification on or off
:'''.op''' Omit page numbers
:'''.p#''' Set paragraph number or formatting of paragraph numbers.
:'''.pa''' Page break
:'''.pc ''n''''' Put page numbers at column n, or centered if 0 is used.
:'''.pe''' Print endnotes at this point in document
:'''.pf''' Turn paragraph realignment on or off
:'''.pg''' Turn on page numbering (reverses .op)
:'''.pl ''n''''' Set page length to n lines (usually 66 for normal letter paper)
:'''.pm ''n''''' Set paragraph margin (indenting)
:'''.pn ''n''''' Set current page number
:'''.po ''n''''' Set page offset (added to left margin), optionally separately for even or odd pages
:'''.pr''' Set print orientation ('''.pr or=l''' for landscape, '''.pr or=p''' for portrait)
:'''.ps''' Turn proportional spacing on or off
:'''.rm ''n''''' Set right margin
:'''.rp''' Repeat-print multiple copies (may not work with .df command)
:'''.rr''' Embed ruler line (may add number from 0 to 9 to specify preformatted ruler from user area)
:'''.rv''' Read variable
:'''.sb''' Suppress blank lines (on/off)
:'''.sr ''n''''' subscript/superscript roll (in 1/48ths of an inch), default 3
:'''.sv''' Set variable
:'''.tb''' Set tab stops
:'''.tc ''string''''' The string is set as a table of contents entry; # is used to indicate where page number is inserted
:'''.t1 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 1
:'''.t2 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 2
:'''.t3 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 3
:'''.t4 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 4
:'''.t5 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 5
:'''.t6 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 6
:'''.t7 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 7
:'''.t8 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 8
:'''.t9 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 9
:'''.uj''' Turn on or off micro-justify (spreads right-justify space in very fine increments)
:'''.ul''' Turn on or off continuous underlining (of blanks between words)
:'''.xe''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-E
:'''.xq''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-Q
:'''.xr''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-R
:'''.xw''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-W
:'''.xl''' Form feed with controls defined by hex pairs following command
:'''.xx ''c''''' Set strikeout character

== Format documentation ==
* [http://www.moon-soft.com/program/format/text/wordst.htm WordStar file format documentation]

== Software ==
* [http://vetusware.com/download/WordStar%204.00/?id=3443 WordStar 4.0 download]
* [http://www.brothersoft.com/wordstar-207541.html WordStar 7.0 download]
* [https://winworldpc.com/product/wordstar WordStar Downloads (Multiple Versions)]
* [https://archive.org/details/wordstar_2.26_osborne1_1981_micropro In-browser emulation: WordStar Word Processing Version 2.26 (1981) (MicroPro) (Osborne 1) (1981)]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/index.php/wordstar-emulator/11-wordstar-file-conversion/107-habit-wordstar-converter HABit WordStar Converter]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20100317135102/http://www.wordstar.org/wordstar/pages/convert_faq.htm Converting WordStar Files into Other Formats]

== Manuals ==
* [http://archive.org/details/Wordstar_Rel_4_for_CPM_1979_Micropro_International WordStar manual (CP/M, 1979)]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|document/wordStar}}

== Other links ==
* [[Wikipedia:WordStar|WordStar (Wikipedia)]]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/ WordStar resource site]
* [https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2022/07/wow-its-wordstar-exploring-a-beloved-early-word-processor-and-its-many-formats/ “Wow, it’s WordStar!” Exploring a Beloved Early Word Processor and its Many Formats] (Library of Congress blog)

WordStar

2023-12-28T05:18:11Z

Dexvertbot: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Document
|subcat2=Word Processor
|extensions={{ext|ws}}, {{ext|ws3}}, {{ext|wsd}}, others
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/370}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/260}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/205}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/236}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/237}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/261}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/206}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/262}}
|released=1978
}}
'''WordStar''' was a word processor originally released in 1978 which was extremely popular in the early 1980s before losing ground to other word processors (particularly [[WordPerfect]]). Many professional writers used it in that era, and given their notorious conservatism regarding tools used for their writing, some are still using it to this day. This means that many original manuscripts are stored in this format.

The original version was for the CP/M operating system, but it was later ported to a number of other systems; the PC/MS-DOS version became the most popular one. The particular set of control keys used for accessing various functions (often requiring multiple keypresses) were widely imitated in other programs at the time, making a "de-facto standard" for editing keys that got even wider use than WordStar itself.

As with many early word processors, its files were basically plain text, with optional special functions causing control characters to be inserted. Files could be created or edited with any extension, but '''.ws''' (sometimes with an appended number to mark versions, like '''.ws3''') was commonly used.

One quirk present in versions prior to 5.0 was its use of the high bit of each byte of its files to denote the last letter of a word. This limited the character set to 7-bit [[ASCII]], where all characters in the document that were not the last letter of a word had a clear high bit (and thus had values from 00-7F hex corresponding to the ASCII values), while last letters had the high bit set (giving them values from 80-FF hex, but actually representing the corresponding characters from 00-7F). This interfered with internationalization, since it prevented the use of extended character sets beyond ASCII, and also resulted in WordStar files having characters at the end of words that looked like gibberish in other programs which interpreted the characters via some 8-bit encoding. Eventually this "feature" was dropped, but even in late versions extended characters were marked in the saved files by control characters both preceding and following them, making an 8-bit character take three bytes to store, which was necessary to preserve file compatibility (old WordStar files with high bits set at the end of words still needed to load correctly meaning that the program couldn't interpret high-bit characters as other characters in extended character sets without a special marker).

Extended characters (when they appeared in the special escaped sequence, consisting of character 1B hex, followed by the special character, followed by character 1C hex) were generally of the [[MS-DOS encodings]], at least if the file was created in a DOS version of WordStar.

There was also a [[WordStar 2000]] program, with its own different file format not compatible with other WordStar versions; this program (which, despite its name, was released in the 1980s, nowhere near the year 2000) was intended to be a new-generation word-processor to compete with the newer programs that were starting to catch on at the time, but didn't succeed and actually went out of use earlier than the original WordStar, which continued to get updated through the 1990s.

== Converting WordStar files with high bits set ==

Some other programs have special "WordStar import" features which handle high-bit characters, but if you need to deal with such files without a conversion utility, it's helpful to change high-bit characters to their corresponding 7-bit characters in order to have standard ASCII. This can be done simply in most programming or scripting languages; here's a Perl example, for instance.

open OUTFILE, ">out.txt";
open INFILE, "<in.ws";
while (<INFILE>)
{
tr [\200-\377] [\000-\177];
print OUTFILE $_;
}
close INFILE;
close OUTFILE;

== Control characters ==

These are the control characters as stored in WordStar documents, and their meanings. Most of them are program-specific, not corresponding to the standard [[C0 controls|ASCII control meanings]], though some of these are preserved. The toggle options were used at the start and end of blocks of text intended to be formatted in a particular way (e.g., bold). Since these control characters had different meanings as immediate commands when typed within WordStar, a different sequence of keys (shown in the "WordStar Key" column) was used to insert them into the document.

{| class="wikitable"
! title="Hexadecimal code point" | Hex
! title="Decimal code point" | Dec
! title="Standard ASCII Acronym" | ASCII Char
! title="Control key" | Ctrl Key
! title="WordStar Key" | WordStar Key
! title="Description and uses" | WordStar meaning
|-
|00||0||NUL||^@||Control-PZ||In some versions right-aligns text; in others fixes print head to absolute position of character in line
|-
|01||1||SOH||^A||Control-PA||Toggles alternate font
|-
|02||2||STX||^B||Control-PB||Toggles Bold mode
|-
|03||3||ETX||^C||Control-PC||Pause print for user response
|-
|04||4||EOT||^D||Control-PD||Toggles double-strike mode
|-
|05||5||ENQ||^E||Control-PE||Custom print control
|-
|06||6||ACK||^F||Control-PF||Phantom space
|-
|07||7||BEL||^G||Control-PG||Phantom rubout
|-
|08||8||BS||^H||Control-PH||Overprint previous character (backspace)
|-
|09||9||HT||^I||Control-PI||Tab
|-
|0A||10||LF||^J||Control-PJ||Linefeed: follows Carriage Return for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0B||11||VT||^K||Control-PK||In some versions, centers text; in others marks text to be indexed (placed both before and after the text sequence)
|-
|0C||12||FF||^L||Control-PL||Form feed (page break)
|-
|0D||13||CR||^M||Control-PM||Carriage Return: precedes Linefeed for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0E||14||SO||^N||Control-PN||Return to normal character width
|-
|0F||15||SI||^O||Control-PO||Non-breaking space
|-
|10||16||DLE||^P||Control-PP||Unused
|-
|11||17||DC1||^Q||Control-PQ||Custom print control
|-
|12||18||DC2||^R||Contorl-PR||Custom print control
|-
|13||19||DC3||^S||Control-PS||Toggles underline mode
|-
|14||20||DC4||^T||Control-PT||Toggles superscript mode
|-
|15||21||NAK||^U||Control-PU||Unused
|-
|16||22||SYN||^V||Control-PV||Toggles subscript mode
|-
|17||23||ETB||^W||Control-PW||Custom print control
|-
|18||24||CAN||^X||Control-PX||Toggles overstrike mode
|-
|19||25||EM||^Y||Control-PY||Toggles italic mode
|-
|1A||26||SUB||^Z||||End-of-file character
|-
|1B||27||ESC||^[||||Marks that following character is extended character
|-
|1C||28||FS||^\||||Marks that previous character is extended character (you need both 1B and 1C to delimit extended characters)
|-
|1D||29||GS||^]||||Symmetrical sequence start/stop character
|-
|1E||30||RS||^^||||Inactive Soft Hyphen
|-
|1F||31||US||^_||||Active Soft Hyphen
|-
|8D||141||||||||Soft Carriage Return (inserted, followed by normal linefeed 0A, to mark soft line break at word-wrap)
|-
|A0||160||||||||Soft Space
|}

== Dot commands ==

These commands are intended to be on a line by themselves, and started with the dot (.). This meant that regular text lines couldn't start with dots. Many other early word processors emulated WordStar in their use of "dot lines" for commands, though some of them required a control character to precede the dot in order to allow dots at the start of normal text lines. The specific commands varied a lot between programs, however.

:'''..''' Comment line (followed by comment text; not printed)
:'''.av''' Pause to ask user for value of variable
:'''.aw''' Turn aligning/word-wrap on or off
:'''.bn''' Select sheet feeder bin
:'''.cc ''n''''' Conditional column break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.co''' Specifies number of columns and optionally gutter width
:'''.cp ''n''''' Conditional page break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.cs ''string''''' Clear screen and display message
:'''.cv''' Convert note type (convert first type specified to second type)
:'''.cw ''n''''' Set character width to given number of 1/120 inch increments
:'''.df ''filename''''' Insert data file ([[CSV]], [[dBase III|dBase]], etc)
:'''.dm ''string''''' Display message
:'''.e#''' Set new value for endnote numbering
:'''.ei''' End .if block (must be paired up with .if command)
:'''.el''' Begins optional else clause after .if command
:'''.f#''' Set new value for footnote numbering, and optionally set whether it restarts each page or is consecutive
:'''.fi ''filename''''' Insert text file ([[ASCII]], WordStar, [[Lotus 1-2-3]], etc.)
:'''.fm ''n''''' Set footer margin (number of lines left blank between main text and first footer line; default 2; footer margin and footer lines must fit within bottom margin)
:'''.fo''' If followed by text string, sets footer line; without a string resets footer. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.f1''' First footer line (if using multiple-line footer)
:'''.f2''' Second footer line
:'''.f3''' Third footer line
:'''.f4''' Fourth footer line
:'''.f5''' Fifth footer line
:'''.go''' Go to top or bottom of document
:'''.he''' If followed by text string, sets header line; without a string resets header. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.h1''' First header line (if using multiple-line header)
:'''.h2''' Second header line
:'''.h3''' Third header line
:'''.h4''' Fourth header line
:'''.h5''' Fifth header line
:'''.hm ''n''''' Set header margin (number of lines left blank between last header line and top of main text; default 2; header margin and header lines must fit within top margin)
:'''.hy''' Turn auto-hyphenating on or off
:'''.if ''condition''''' Conditional clause: can test string variables with = < > <> and number variables with #= #<> #< #> and print/execute following lines up to .ei if true, and optional else clause starting with .el if false. May be nested up to 255 levels.
:'''.ig ''string''''' Ignore text on remainder of line (same as .. for comments).
:'''.ix''' Puts text on remainder of line in index. Main entries and subentries can be separated with comma. If text starts with - it's used as cross-reference, and if it starts with + the page number is boldfaced.
:'''.kr''' Adjust kerning
:'''.l#''' Turns line numbering on/off or specifies attributes of line numbering
:'''.lh ''n''''' Set line height to n 1/48-inch increments. Argument of a sets auto-leading.
:'''.lm ''n''''' Set left margin to n characters
:'''.lq''' Letter quality on/off
:'''.ls ''n''''' Set line spacing to n (1-9), where 1 is single-spaced, 2 double-spaced, etc.
:'''.ma''' Math: Store result of a calculation in a variable
:'''.mb ''n''''' Set bottom margin (must be big enough to include all footers)
:'''.mt ''n''''' Set top margin (must be big enough to include all headers)
:'''.oc''' Turn centering on or off
:'''.oj''' Turn output justification on or off
:'''.op''' Omit page numbers
:'''.p#''' Set paragraph number or formatting of paragraph numbers.
:'''.pa''' Page break
:'''.pc ''n''''' Put page numbers at column n, or centered if 0 is used.
:'''.pe''' Print endnotes at this point in document
:'''.pf''' Turn paragraph realignment on or off
:'''.pg''' Turn on page numbering (reverses .op)
:'''.pl ''n''''' Set page length to n lines (usually 66 for normal letter paper)
:'''.pm ''n''''' Set paragraph margin (indenting)
:'''.pn ''n''''' Set current page number
:'''.po ''n''''' Set page offset (added to left margin), optionally separately for even or odd pages
:'''.pr''' Set print orientation ('''.pr or=l''' for landscape, '''.pr or=p''' for portrait)
:'''.ps''' Turn proportional spacing on or off
:'''.rm ''n''''' Set right margin
:'''.rp''' Repeat-print multiple copies (may not work with .df command)
:'''.rr''' Embed ruler line (may add number from 0 to 9 to specify preformatted ruler from user area)
:'''.rv''' Read variable
:'''.sb''' Suppress blank lines (on/off)
:'''.sr ''n''''' subscript/superscript roll (in 1/48ths of an inch), default 3
:'''.sv''' Set variable
:'''.tb''' Set tab stops
:'''.tc ''string''''' The string is set as a table of contents entry; # is used to indicate where page number is inserted
:'''.t1 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 1
:'''.t2 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 2
:'''.t3 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 3
:'''.t4 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 4
:'''.t5 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 5
:'''.t6 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 6
:'''.t7 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 7
:'''.t8 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 8
:'''.t9 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 9
:'''.uj''' Turn on or off micro-justify (spreads right-justify space in very fine increments)
:'''.ul''' Turn on or off continuous underlining (of blanks between words)
:'''.xe''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-E
:'''.xq''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-Q
:'''.xr''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-R
:'''.xw''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-W
:'''.xl''' Form feed with controls defined by hex pairs following command
:'''.xx ''c''''' Set strikeout character

== Format documentation ==
* [http://www.moon-soft.com/program/format/text/wordst.htm WordStar file format documentation]

== Software ==
* [http://vetusware.com/download/WordStar%204.00/?id=3443 WordStar 4.0 download]
* [http://www.brothersoft.com/wordstar-207541.html WordStar 7.0 download]
* [https://winworldpc.com/product/wordstar WordStar Downloads (Multiple Versions)]
* [https://archive.org/details/wordstar_2.26_osborne1_1981_micropro In-browser emulation: WordStar Word Processing Version 2.26 (1981) (MicroPro) (Osborne 1) (1981)]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/index.php/wordstar-emulator/11-wordstar-file-conversion/107-habit-wordstar-converter HABit WordStar Converter]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20100317135102/http://www.wordstar.org/wordstar/pages/convert_faq.htm Converting WordStar Files into Other Formats]

== Manuals ==
* [http://archive.org/details/Wordstar_Rel_4_for_CPM_1979_Micropro_International WordStar manual (CP/M, 1979)]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|wordStar}}

== Other links ==
* [[Wikipedia:WordStar|WordStar (Wikipedia)]]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/ WordStar resource site]
* [https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2022/07/wow-its-wordstar-exploring-a-beloved-early-word-processor-and-its-many-formats/ “Wow, it’s WordStar!” Exploring a Beloved Early Word Processor and its Many Formats] (Library of Congress blog)

QuickTime

2023-12-28T05:17:55Z

Dexvertbot: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Video
|extensions={{ext|mov}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|video/quicktime}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/384}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q942350}}
|kaitai struct=quicktime_mov
}}
:''"MOV" redirects here. For another MOV format, see [[Electronic Arts MOV]]. For movie formats in general, see [[Video]].''

'''QuickTime''' is a container format developed by Apple Computer, Inc. It is usually used to wrap video content, but can also be used to wrap sound and still image data.

The QuickTime format was used as the basis for the international standard [[MPEG-4]] format.

A now-deprecated related format for still images taken from a QuickTime video is [[QTIF]].

==History==

QuickTime was originally released in 1991 following years of internal development.
QuickTime exists in 7 minor format releases from 1991 (1.x) through 2016 (7.x).
A major upgrade to the platform occurred in 2009 with QuickTime X.
The current version of classic QuickTime is 7.7.9 as of 2016.
QuickTime X is At version 10.5

== Format ==
See [[boxes/atoms format]]. Starting in 2004, the QuickTime movie file specification has been based on [[ISO Base Media File Format]], with a brand of "<code>qt  </code>".

== Quicktime VR ==
In the past, the Quicktime format has been used as a container for so called Virtual Reality (or rather, 360 degree panorama) data. Not clear how to identify. File extensions usually just .mov, but may be .qt or more specifically .qvr (possibly .qtvr?).

* [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.12/12.05/QTVRTutorial/index.html Getting started with QuickTime VR] - tutorial from February, 1996.]
** Mentions "creator/file type of the downloaded movie to QuickTime VR’s 'vrod'/'MooV'", which may be the type?
** ffprobe shows "Stream #0:1(eng): Data: none (pano / 0x6F6E6170), 0 kb/s", so I presume 'pano' is the ftyp/FourCC?
** "The media type of the panorama track is 'pano'." from Quicktime file format specification, page 289.
* [http://www.synthetic-ap.com/qtvr/qtvrsamp.html Example Quicktime VR files]

== Specifications ==

* [https://developer.apple.com/standards/classic-quicktime/ QuickTime File Format Specification (classic, 2001)]
* [https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/ QuickTime File Format Specification (current version)]

== Metaformat files ==

* {{Synalysis|qt}}

== Software ==
* [[Konvertor]]
* [http://archive.org/download/PowerPlay0597/PowerPlay0597.iso01.iso/TOOLS/Qtime/QT32INST.EXE QuickTime 2.1.2 for Windows (c. 1997)]
* [http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/ Current QuickTime download]
* [[FFmpeg]]

== Sample files ==
* [http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1425 Apple's sample QuickTime files in several encodings]
* {{DexvertSamples|video/mov}}
* http://samples.mplayerhq.hu/mov/

== See also ==
* [[Boxes/atoms format]]
* [[ISO Base Media File Format]]
* [[MPEG-4]]
* [[PICT]]
* [[QTIF]]
* [[QuickTime Animation]]

== Links and references ==

* [http://www.apple.com/quicktime/ Official site]
* [[Wikipedia:QuickTime|QuickTime : Wikipedia]]
* {{EGFF|quicktime|QuickTime File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://scarygoround.com/index.php?date=20110408 Even comic-strip people can have trouble getting those things to play...]

[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:Box file format]]

VisualBasic project

2023-12-28T05:16:06Z

Dexvertbot: Change telparia.com samples link to template

{{FormatInfo
| name = VisualBasic project
| formattype = electronic
| subcat = Development
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions = {{ext|mak}}, {{ext|vbp}}, {{ext|vbproj}}
| mimetypes =
| locfdd =
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}

A '''Visual Basic project file''' lists the files which are part of a project for [[Visual Basic]], and defines how they are grouped.

The original files were in an [[ASCII]]-based format with a .vbp extension. Later, the Visual Studio .NET version of Visual Basic projects was introduced using a .vbproj extension and [[XML]]-based format.

There are also [[Visual Studio Solution file]]s (.sln), which group together multiple .vbproj project files (or other project files used in Visual Studio).

== File structure ==

The ASCII-based file is a plain text file that describes the code project. It consists of key-value pairs.

==Example==
<pre>Type=Exe
Form=SysEdit.frm
Form=MsdosFrm.frm
Form=ConfigFrm.frm
Form=AutoexecFrm.frm
Form=WinFrm.frm
Form=SystemFrm.frm
Form=DosstartFrm.frm
Form=WinstartFrm.frm
Reference=*\G{00025E01-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}#0.0#0#..\..\PROGRAM FILES\COMMON FILES\MICROSOFT SHARED\DAO\DAO360.DLL#Microsoft DAO 2.5 Object Library
IconForm="MsdosFrm"
Startup="Sysedit"
HelpFile=""
Command32=""
Name="SystemEditor"
HelpContextID="0"
CompatibleMode="0"
MajorVer=1
MinorVer=0
RevisionVer=0
AutoIncrementVer=0
ServerSupportFiles=0
VersionCompanyName="Anti-Censorship Organization"
CompilationType=0
OptimizationType=0
FavorPentiumPro(tm)=0
CodeViewDebugInfo=0
NoAliasing=0
BoundsCheck=0
OverflowCheck=0
FlPointCheck=0
FDIVCheck=0
UnroundedFP=0
StartMode=0
Unattended=0
Retained=0
ThreadPerObject=0
MaxNumberOfThreads=1

</pre>

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|other/visualBasicProject}}

=== .NET VBPROJ ===
* [http://www.euronet.nl/users/swinkels/cmg.zip Cartooners Music Generator]
* [http://www.euronet.nl/users/swinkels/cav.zip Cartooners Actor Viewer]

== Links ==
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa716294%28v=vs.60%29.aspx .vbp format]
* [http://visualbasic.about.com/od/quicktips/qt/slnfiles.htm The "vbproj" and "sln" Files]

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:XML based file formats]]

8-Bit Sampled Voice

2023-12-28T05:16:00Z

Dexvertbot: Change telparia.com samples link to template

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|extensions={{ext|8svx}}, {{ext|iff}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|audio/8svx}}, {{mimetype|audio/x-8svx}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/339}}
}}
== Description ==

'''8SVX''' (8-Bit Sampled Voice) is an audio file format developed by Electronic Arts and used on the Commodore Amiga. It is a subtype of the [[IFF|Interchange File Format]] file container and contains [[LPCM]] audio. The most common file extension is ".8svx" but they may also have the extension ".iff".

== Software ==
* [[FFmpeg]]
* [http://www.boomerangsworld.de/cms/tools/iff-convert.html iff-convert]

== Sample files ==
* http://cd.textfiles.com/audio11000/MEDIA/SOUNDS/IFF/
* {{DexvertSamples|audio/amiga8svx}}

== Information ==

* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/8svx.pro File format description] (textfiles.com)
* [http://wiki.amigaos.net/wiki/8SVX_IFF_8-Bit_Sampled_Voice 8SVX IFF 8-Bit Sampled Voice]
* [http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=IFF MultimediaWiki - IFF]
* [http://wiki.amigaos.net/wiki/IFF_FORM_and_Chunk_Registry AmigaOS Documentation Wiki - IFF FORM and CHUNK registry]

[[Category:IFF based file formats]]
[[Category:Amiga]]
[[Category:Electronic Arts]]

D-Lusion Music File

2023-12-28T05:15:58Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|extensions={{ext|dmf}}
}}
:''"DMF" redirects here. For the floppy disk format, see [[DMF (Distribution Media Format)]].''

== Description ==
Sometimes referred to as D-Lusion / Delusion Music Format or D-Lusion / Delusion Digital Music Format, D-Lusion Music File (DMF) files are modules created by X-Tracker, a tracker for [[MS-DOS]]. The xtracker32 project planned to extend the format, but appears to have been delayed since late-2001 and can be presumed dead (although it was apparently in closed beta, so some files / source may remain in existence).

The file format version identifier at offset 04h can tell you which version of X-Tracker was used to create the file:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:200px; height:200px;"
|+ Tracker Version / File Format Version
|-
!
! Version Number
|-
! X-Tracker beta
| 1-7
|-
! X-Tracker final
| 8
|-
! xtracker32
| 10
|}

== Information ==
*[http://hackipedia.org/File%20formats/Music/Sample%20based/text/Delusion%20Digital%20Music%20Format%20-%20v0.25.cp437.txt.utf-8.txt DDMF description v0.25]
*[http://www.xtracker32.org/fileformat.shtml DMF Fileformat]

== Software ==
* [http://www.pouet.net/prod.php?which=55233 X-Tracker v1.03]
* [http://www.xtracker32.org/download.shtml#xt32amp xt32amp] - Winamp plugin, can play back X-Tracker / xtracker32 DMF files.
* [https://zxtune.bitbucket.io/ zxtune]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|music/dLusionDMF}}

== Links ==
* [http://rr.rockz.org/ The Radical Rhythms Archive] - some example DMF files can be found here
* http://www.xtracker32.org/RAN-JUST.DMF - possibly a song created with xtracker32?

Atari SoundHeader

2023-12-28T05:15:57Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|extensions={{ext|sndh}}
}}

== Description ==

The SNDH / Atari SoundHeader format was created by Jochen Knaus, aka BDC of the Atari ST demo group Aura, in an attempt to standardise chip music formats and playback for the Atari ST. A '''.sndh''' file consists of the original song, a replayer for that format and a header containing a unified calling interface and metadata about the music.

== Information ==

* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/Atari%20SoundHeader%20(.sndh).txt SNDH file structure, Revision 2.00]
* [http://sndh.atari.org/fileformat.php SNDH file structure, Revision 2.10]

Note that SNDH files are often compressed with [[Pack-Ice]].

== Software ==

=== Conversion ===

* [http://sndh.atari.org/files/sndhconv.zip SNDHconv] ([[Xlr8 module|Xlr8]], [[Sid Sound Designer module|Sid Sound Designer]], [[Music Mon module|Music Mon]], [[Triplex module|Triplex]] and [[Trisound module|Trisound]] to [[Atari SoundHeader|SNDH]] - [[ZIP]] file, Atari ST/TT/Falcon)
* [http://files.dhs.nu/files_msx/qua2sndh.zip Quartet-2-SNDH] ([[Quartet]] to [[Atari SoundHeader|SNDH]] - [[ZIP]] file, Atari ST/TT/Falcon)

=== Editing ===

* [http://sndh.atari.org/files/sndh111.zip SNDH-Editor] ([[ZIP]] file, Atari ST/TT/Falcon)

=== Playback ===

* [http://mahen.free.fr/plugins/index-en.htm AmiNetRadio] (Amiga MorphOS)
* [http://www.bannister.org/software/ao.htm Audio Overload] (cross-platform)
* [http://www.exotica.org.uk/wiki/DeliPlayer DeliPlayer] (Windows)
* [http://yescrew.atari.org/eng/products.htm#gemplay GemPLAY] (Atari ST/TT/Falcon)
* [http://creamhq.de/jam.php Jam] (Atari ST/TT/Falcon & Windows)
* [http://sndh.atari.org/files/krap14.zip KrapSNDH] ([[ZIP]] file, Atari ST/TT/Falcon)
* [http://bulba.untergrund.net/ayplayer_e.htm MicroST] (Windows)
* [http://sc68.atari.org/ SC68] (UNIX / Windows)
* [http://mahen.free.fr/sc68/ sc68mui] (Amiga MorphOS)
* [https://itunes.apple.com/app/sc68-player/id295290413?mt=8 SC68 Player] (iPhone / iPod Touch)
* [http://sndplayer.atari.org/ SND Player] (Atari ST/TT/Falcon)
* [http://www.preromanbritain.com/stj/ STj] (Atari ST/TT/Falcon)
* [http://www.nocrew.org/software-stsndplay.html STsndplay] (UNIX)
* [http://xsc.atari.org/ XSC] (Mac OS X)

== Sample files ==
* [http://sndh.atari.org/ Atari ST YM2149 Archive]
* https://ftp.modland.com/pub/modules/SNDH/
* {{DexvertSamples|music/sndh}}

[[Category:Atari computers]]

Scream Tracker 3 module

2023-12-28T05:15:55Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|extensions={{ext|s3m}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/718}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q1461901}}
|kaitai struct=s3m
}}
== Description ==

'''.s3m''' (Scream Tracker 3 Module) files are modules created by Scream Tracker v3.0 and up. It was developed for DOS by Finnish demo group Future Crew.

Scream Tracker 3 modules support up to 100 8-bit samples, 32 channels, 100 patterns and 256 order positions. FM instruments can also be specified, although not all implementations support this feature.

Versions of Scream Tracker prior to v3.0 created [[Scream Tracker 1 & 2 module|STM]] modules.

== Information ==

* [http://hackipedia.org/File%20formats/Music/Sample%20based/html/s3mformat.html S3M Specifications]
* [http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=Scream_Tracker_3_Module MultimediaWiki - Scream Tracker 3 Module]
* [http://hackipedia.org/File%20formats/Music/Sample%20based/text/Scream%20Tracker%203.01%20BETA%20File%20Formats%20And%20Mixing%20Info.ascii.txt.utf-8.txt ScreamTracker 3.01 BETA File Formats and Mixing Info]
* [http://hackipedia.org/File%20formats/Music/Sample%20based/text/Scream%20Tracker%203.20%20file%20format.cp437.txt.utf-8.txt Scream Tracker 3.20 File Formats And Mixing Info]
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/s3m-form.txt Another copy of this file]
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/stracker.pro Still another version]
* [http://16-bits.org/s3m/ The above, with some additional notes / corrections]
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/FireLight%20S3M%20Player%20Tutorial.txt S3M Player Tutorial by FireLight] - step-by-step guide to writing an S3M player. The [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/FireLight%20MOD%20Player%20Tutorial.txt MOD Player Tutorial] should be read prior to this.
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/admusfmt.pro 1994 discussion of "advanced music formats" that covers Scream Tracker 3.0]

== Software ==

=== Scream Tracker ===
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/software/trackers/DOS/Scream%20Tracker%203/ ScreamTracker v3.01 beta, v3.03 beta, v3.20 and v3.21]
* [http://www.scene.org/file.php?file=%2Fdemos%2Fgroups%2Ffuture_crew%2Fother%2Fscrmt321.zip&fileinfo Scream Tracker v3.21]

=== Playback ===
* [http://mikmod.shlomifish.org/ MikMod] - Linux
* [http://xmp.sourceforge.net/ Extended Module Player]
* [https://zxtune.bitbucket.io/ zxtune]

=== Other ===
* [http://www.modplug.com/trackerinfo.html MODPlug Tracker] allows you to compose and convert in a number of module formats, including S3M

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|music/s3m}}
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/modules/Screamtracker%203/ Example .s3m files]

== See Also ==

* [[Scream Tracker 1 & 2 module]]

OctaMED module (MED)

2023-12-28T05:15:55Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|released=1989
|extensions={{ext|med}}
}}
'''OctaMED''', by Teijo Kinnunen (originally just '''MED'''), is a <u>m</u>usic <u>ed</u>itor for the Amiga. It used both "standard" notes and "tracker"-style notations. Songs had up to 100 blocks of up to 256 lines. There could be up to 99 songs in memory, sharing 63 instruments.

== Identification ==
There are a number of sub formats that are referred to generically as "MED" files.

* MED - MED version 1.0 to 2.0 "Song and Samples" file
** MED2 - MED version 1.12
** MED3 - MED version 2.00
** [[OctaMED v2.10 module (MED4)|MED4 - MED version 2.10]]
* MMD - "Med MoDule" files used by MED version 2.1 and above, and OctaMED Professional.
** MMD0 - MED version 2.1 "Med MoDule 0" file
** MMD1 - OctaMED Professional file
** MMD2 - OctaMED Professional V5 file

The OctaMED Professional package includes details of many of these file formats in the "Programmers" directory

== Software ==
* [http://xmp.sourceforge.net/ Extended Module Player]
* [https://zxtune.bitbucket.io/ zxtune]

== Sample files ==
* [http://cd.textfiles.com/aggames/COMMERCIAL%20DEMOS/SKID/GFX/SKIDMARKS.MED SKIDMARKS.MED, MMD1]
* {{DexvertSamples|music/med}}

== Links ==
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/med-efx.txt Description and instructions]
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/med-form.txt Info on file formats]

[[Category:Amiga]]

Extended Module

2023-12-28T05:15:50Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|extensions={{ext|xm}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/323}}
|kaitai struct=fasttracker_xm_module
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q376852}}
}}

:''Not to be confused with the Sirius XM satellite radio service, with which it has nothing to do.''

'''XM''' (extended module) is an audio format introduced by (and primarily produced by) FastTracker 2, a now defunct tracker for [[MS-DOS]]. The format is also used by other trackers, such as [[DigiTracker]] and [[MilkyTracker]].

== Information ==

The tracker which produced the file can be identified by means of the 20-byte string at offset 38 (0x26):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:200px; height:200px;"
|+ Tracker / Identifying string
|-
!
! String
|-
! DigiTracker
| Composer's name
|-
! FastTracker 2
| "FastTracker II"
|-
! OpenMPT
| "OpenMPT " and then the version number
|-
! AmigaMML
| By default, "AmigaMML " and the version number; can be changed
|-
! MilkyTracker
| "MilkyTracker " (with 8 padding spaces)
|}

* [https://pastebin.com/F5S0Nbn9 Original file format documentation by Mr.H of Triton (1994), included with the FT2 distribution as "Xm.txt"]
* [http://16-bits.org/xm/ The above, with a number of corrections and additions] (link seems to be dead?)
* [https://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/FastTracker%202%20(.xm)%20%232.txt Errors in the XM format documentation]
* [https://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/FastTracker%202%20v2.04%20%28.xm%29.html Mr.H documentation with corrections by Guru and Alfred of Sahara Surfers (1995)] ([https://pastebin.com/FP8XXgVu pastebin mirror])
* [http://zzo38computer.org/textfile/music/xm-form.txt Further corrected version of the above] ([https://pastebin.com/pEi8Ehzd pastebin mirror])
* [http://jss.sourceforge.net/moddoc/xm-form.txt A more complete file format documentation, by ccr@tnsp (2001)] ([https://pastebin.com/rFWAhEEr pastebin mirror])
* [https://www.celersms.com/doc/XM_file_format.pdf "The Unofficial XM File Format Specification"], ''Vladimir Kameñar'', 2007

== Software ==

* [https://ftp.modland.com/pub/software/trackers/DOS/FastTracker%202/ FastTracker 2]
* [https://archive.org/details/msdos_Fast_Tracker_2_1994 FastTracker 2 in-browser emulation]
* [http://xmp.sourceforge.net/ Extended Module Player]
* [http://zzo38computer.org/prog/amigamml.zip AmigaMML]
* [https://ufmod.sourceforge.io/ uFMOD]
* [https://zxtune.bitbucket.io/ zxtune]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|music/xm}}
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/modules/Fasttracker%202/ Example .xm files]

== Links ==
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/xmformat.mus Format info]

XMS-Tracker module

2023-12-28T05:15:50Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|extensions={{ext|xms}}
}}

== Description ==
'''.xms''' files are produced by XMS-Tracker. The format appears to be similar to [[AMusic module|AMD]] modules produced by AMusic. The [http://adlib.wave460.net/trackers.html Malfunction's FM Synthesis Heaven] site notes that XMS-Tracker looks like "unfinished, cracked Amusic" and the format documentation on the [ftp://ftp.modland.com/ Modland FTP] is labeled "AMusic ripp-off (.xms).txt"

== Information ==
* [https://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/AMusic%20ripp-off%20(.xms).txt XMS Format FAQ]

== Software ==
* [https://ftp.modland.com/pub/software/trackers/DOS/XMS%20Tracker/ XMS-Tracker]
* [http://adplug.github.io/ AdPlug / AdPlay]

== Sample files ==
* [https://ftp.modland.com/pub/modules/Ad%20Lib/AMusic%20XMS/ Example .xms files]
* {{DexvertSamples|music/amusicTrackerXMS}}

Composer 669 module

2023-12-28T05:15:48Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Audio and Music
|extensions={{ext|669}}
}}

== Description ==
'''.669''' files are modules created by Composer 669 / Unis 669.

== Information ==
* [http://hackipedia.org/File%20formats/Music/Sample%20based/text/669%20Mod%20Composer%2c%20Composd%20669%20module%20format.ascii.txt.utf-8.txt 669 Specification] (.txt file)
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/Composer%20669%20(.669).txt Composer 669 module]
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/documents/format_documentation/Composer%20669,%20Unis%20669%20(.669).txt 669 and Extended 669 file format] (or [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/669-form.pro same file at textfiles.com])

== Software ==
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/software/trackers/DOS/Composer%20669/ Composer 669]
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/software/trackers/DOS/Unis669/ Unis669]
* [[XMP]]
* [https://zxtune.bitbucket.io/ zxtune]

== Sample files ==
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/modules/Composer%20669/ Example .669 files (Composer 669)]
* [ftp://ftp.modland.com/pub/modules/Unis%20669/ Example .669 files (Unis 669)]
* {{DexvertSamples|music/composer669}}

WebM

2023-12-28T05:15:44Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Video
|extensions={{ext|webm}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|video/webm}}, {{mimetype|audio/webm}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/573}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q309440}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000518}}
}}
'''WebM''' is a video and audio container format released by Google, used with content encoded under the [[VP8]] or [[VP9]] codecs for video, and [[Vorbis]] and [[Opus]] for audio. It is a variant of [[Matroska]], based on [[EBML]].

== Identification ==
A WebM file begins with {{magic|0x1a 0x45 0xdf 0xa3}}, as do all [[EBML]] files.

It contains an EMBL "DocType" element whose value is the string "webm". This means that the byte sequence {{magic|0x42 0x82 0x84 'w' 'e' 'b' 'm'}} will appear in the file, normally near the beginning.

== Sample files ==
* [https://webm.html5.org/test.webm Test video]
* {{DexvertSamples|video/webmVideo}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:WebM|Wikipedia article]]
* [https://www.webmproject.org/ The WebM Project]
* [https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ Container Guidelines]

== Software ==
* [[FFmpeg]]
* [[Konvertor]]

[[Category:Google]]
[[Category:Audio and Music]]

Embedded OpenType

2023-12-28T05:15:41Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Fonts
|extensions={{ext|eot}}, {{ext|fntdata}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/vnd.ms-fontobject}}
}}
'''Embedded OpenType''' ('''EOT''') is an outline font format developed by Microsoft. It is intended to be used on web pages. A popular alternative to EOT is [[WOFF]].

EOT is related to [[OpenType]], but is a distinct format.

== Identification ==
The ASCII characters "{{magic|LP}}" appear at file offset 34.

== Specifications ==
* [https://www.w3.org/Submission/2008/SUBM-EOT-20080305/ Embedded OpenType File Format] (W3C submission, 2008-03-05)

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|font/eot}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia: Embedded OpenType]]

[[Category:Web]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

TrueType

2023-12-28T05:15:41Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Fonts
|extensions={{ext|ttf}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/453}}
|kaitai struct=ttf
|released=1991
}}
'''TrueType''' ('''TTF''') is an outline font format developed by Apple. It was first used by Mac OS System 7, and was licensed to Microsoft for use in Windows 3.1.

See also its successor, [[OpenType]].

== Specifications ==
* [https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/ TrueType Reference Manual]

== Sample files ==
* http://cd.textfiles.com/maxfonts/TTF/
* http://cd.textfiles.com/maxx/tothemaxww/FONT_TT/
* http://cd.textfiles.com/fantaziafonts/ → .../TRUETYPE/*.TTF
* http://cd.textfiles.com/collectionfw/cdr30/
* {{DexvertSamples|font/ttf}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:TrueType|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://www.truetype-typography.com/tthist.htm A History of TrueType]

[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

Microsoft Write

2023-12-28T05:15:40Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|subcat2=Word Processor
|extensions={{ext|wri}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/4}}, {{PRONOM|x-fmt/12}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q60615282}}, {{wikidata|Q27526866}}
}}
'''Write''' (also called '''Microsoft Windows Write''', '''Microsoft Write''', '''Windows Write''') is the word processor that came with Microsoft Windows version 1.0 through 3.11, as well as Microsoft Windows NT through version 3.5. All versions were able to read and write '''.wri''' files, and later versions were also able to read and write Microsoft Word [[DOC|.doc]] files. It was replaced with Microsoft WordPad with the advent of Windows 95 (which could read Write format, but couldn't save to it).

== Software ==
* [https://www.libreoffice.org/ LibreOffice] v5.1+
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/libwps/ libwps]
* [http://msxnet.org/word2rtf/ Converting MS Write to RTF] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170106122225/http://msxnet.org/word2rtf/ copy at archive.org])
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/osplus/files/Text%20Editor/ OSPlus Text Editor] - An old open source project with a WRI to [[RTF]] converter (src/convert/txtwrite.c). Likely predecessor of libwps's Write support.

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|document/wri}}

== References ==
* [http://msxnet.org/word2rtf/formats/write.txt File format specification] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130831064118/http://msxnet.org/word2rtf/formats/write.txt copy at archive.org])
* [[Wikipedia:Microsoft Write|Wikipedia article]]

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Windows]]

PostScript

2023-12-28T05:15:38Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|extensions={{ext|ps}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/postscript}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/501}}, others
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q218170}}
}}
'''PostScript''' is a [[Page description languages|page description language]] and document format, used primarily with printers. It is actually a complete programming language, which the printer interprets in order to generate graphics to print.

== Identifiers ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Version
! PRONOM
|-
|1.0 || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/91}}
|-
|2.0 || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/406}}
|-
|2.1 || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/407}}
|-
|3.0 || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/408}}
|-
|3.1 || {{PRONOM|fmt/501}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Encapsulated PostScript]]
* [[PDF]]
* [[PostScript binary object format]]
* [[PostScript font]]
* [[PostScript Printer Description]]

== Specifications ==
* [http://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf PostScript Language Reference, third edition]

== Software ==
* [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/ Ghostscript] - A free PostScript interpreter
* [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/ Ghostview and GSview] - Viewers based on Ghostscript
* [[Scribus]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|document/ps}}

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:PostScript|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/level2.inf PostScript Level 2 Q&A]
* [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/whatisps.txt What is Postscript? tutorial]
* [https://computerhistory.org/blog/postscript-a-digital-printing-press/ PostScript history]
* [https://info.computerhistory.org/aoc-postscript PostScript original source code (registration required)]

[[Category:Page description languages]]
[[Category:Programming Languages]]
[[Category:Adobe]]

HLP (WinHelp)

2023-12-28T05:15:35Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Help files
|extensions={{ext|hlp}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/474}}
}}
:''"HLP" redirects here. For other HLP formats, see [[:Category:File formats with extension .hlp]], or [[Help files]].''

'''WinHelp''' is a help file format based on [[RTF]] created by Microsoft that exists in several versions and was used in Windows 3.0 up to Windows 95 and NT. Starting with Windows Vista, the format can not be opened without additional software downloads. The format was abandoned to encourage use of the newer [[CHM]] (compiled HTML) help format.

There are also [[WinHelp annotation]] (.ann) files with annotations of help topics.

==Identification==
Files start with hex {{magic|3F 5F 03 00}}

== See also ==
* [[CHM]]
* [[Multimedia Viewer Book]] (MVB)
* [[Segmented Hypergraphics]]

== Specifications ==
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/helpdeco/ helpdeco] → helpfile.txt has information based on reverse-engineering.
** [https://www.oocities.org/mwinterhoff/helpfile.htm Windows Help File Format ...]
** [https://geocities.ws/mwinterhoff/helpfile.htm Windows Help File Format ...]
* [http://delphi-kb.blogspot.com/2010/07/detailed-description-of-winhelp-file.html A detailed description of the WinHelp file format]

== Software ==

* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/helpdeco/ helpdeco] - Decompiler for WinHelp files
* [https://www.winehq.org/ Wine] - Includes a WinHelp viewer, with source code
* [https://github.com/rel-eng/QWinHelp QWinHelp] (untested)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190309094436/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=91 Microsoft's WinHlp32.exe for Windows 7]

== Sample files ==
* HLP files may be found in collections of old Windows software; e.g. [{{CdTextfilesURL|hotgames/PROGRAMS/}}], [{{CdTextfilesURL|40bestwin95/PROGRAMS/}}], [{{CdTextfilesURL|49games/49GAMES/}}], [{{CdTextfilesURL|sbup/}}], [{{CdTextfilesURL|ultimatews/WIN/}}]
* {{DexvertSamples|document/hlp}}

== Resources ==

* [[Wikipedia:WinHelp|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://www.help-info.de/en/home.htm Resource page for Windows help formats]
* [http://www.help-info.de/en/Help_Info_WinHelp/hw.htm Subpage on the site linked above with a list of links to software and information about the WinHelp format]

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Windows]]
[[Category:Hypermedia]]

OpenXPS

2023-12-28T05:15:34Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Page description languages
|extensions={{ext|oxps}}, {{ext|xps}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/oxps}}, {{mimetype|application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/657}}
|released=2006
}}
'''OpenXPS''' ('''Open XML Paper Specification''') is a page description language and document format. It was originally developed by Microsoft and named '''XPS'''.

It is based on [[XAML]], which is based on [[XML]]. It uses [[ZIP]] as a container format.

== Specifications ==
* [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-388.htm ECMA-388]

== Sample files ==
* [https://www.dan.info/sampledata/msword/testing.xps Sample file saved from Windows Word 2007]
* {{DexvertSamples|document/xps}}

== Software ==
* [https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/libgxps libgxps] - GNOME library for reading OpenXPS files
* [http://snisurset.net/code/abydos/ abydos]

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Open XML Paper Specification|Wikipedia article]]

[[Category:Document]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:ZIP based file formats]]
[[Category:XML based file formats]]

Encapsulated PostScript

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|eps}}, {{ext|epsf}}, {{ext|epsi}}, {{ext|epi}}, {{ext|ept}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/122}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/123}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/124}}
}}
[[Encapsulated PostScript]] ('''EPS''') is a format based on [[PostScript]], designed to be more like an image format than a page description language.

== Formats ==
An EPS file may contain a "preview" version of the image, intended to be used, for example, by document editors when displaying the image on the screen. This has a surprisingly large effect on the format. The varieties of EPS are best categorized based on the type of preview image.

Also, be aware that some image viewers may display only the preview image, instead of the full-quality main image.

=== No preview ===
We'll call an EPS file with no preview image a "plain EPS" file, to distinguish it from the other EPS varieties.

Plain EPS is a subformat of PostScript. It is a plain text file.

=== EPSI ===
'''EPSI''' (Encapsulated PostScript Interchange) is the same as plain EPS, except that it has a preview image inside it. The preview uses a simple raster image format. EPSI format can be identified by the presence of a line beginning with "<code>%%BeginPreview</code>".

=== PICT preview ===
This variety is only relevant to the Macintosh platform. It contains a [[PICT]] file in the [[Resource Fork]], and a plain EPS file in the data fork.

=== TIFF/WMF preview ===
This is a wrapper format containing an embedded [[TIFF]] or [[Windows Metafile|WMF]] file, and an embedded plain EPS file. It is sometimes called '''DOS EPS Binary'''. It begins with a 30-byte or a 32-byte binary header. In most cases then the EPS text comes and finally the preview image. For the variant with the TIFF preview image sometimes the file extension <code>ept</code> is used.

== Identification ==
Files with a TIFF or WMF preview image begin with signature bytes <code>C5 D0 D3 C6</code>.

All other EPS formats begin with ASCII text "<code>%!PS-Adobe-x.x EPSF-x.x</code>" (where each <code>x</code> is a single digit).

== Specifications ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970704051627/http://www3.adobe.com/supportservice/devrelations/PDFS/TN/5002.EPSF_Spec_v3.0.pdf Encapsulated PostScript Version 3.0]

== Software ==
* [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/ Ghostscript]: A free PostScript interpreter
* [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/ Ghostview and GSview]: Viewers based on Ghostscript
* [[ImageMagick]] (requires Ghostscript)
* [[XnView]] (requires Ghostscript)
* [http://epsviewer.org/ EPS Viewer]
* CorelDRAW

== Sample files ==
* http://aminet.net/pix/eps
* http://cd.textfiles.com/dtpfmwaves/
* https://example-files.online-convert.com/vector%20image/eps/example.eps
* http://file.fyicenter.com/b/sample.eps
* {{DexvertSamples|image/eps}}

== References ==
* ''Die PostScript- Acrobat-Bibel'' by Thomas Merz, 1996, ISBN 3-9804943-0-6
* [http://www.file-extensions.org/ept-file-extension Information about '.ept' on File-Extensions.org]

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Encapsulated PostScript|Wikipedia article]]
* {{EGFF|eps|Encapsulated PostScript File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/the_eps_awakens.html FireEye blog post about vulnerability in Microsoft's EPS implementation in 2015] (and [https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/the-eps-awakens-part-two.html part 2])
* [{{ForensicsWikiURL|encapsulated_postscript_%28eps%29}} ForensicsWiki entry] (all information already copied over)
* [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213250 Apple dropping support in MacOS Ventura]

[[Category:Adobe]]
[[Category:TIFF]]

DirectDraw Surface

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|dds}}
|released=~1999
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/1040}}
}}
:''DDS redirects here. For the tape format, see [[Digital Data Storage]].''

'''DirectDraw Surface''' ('''DDS''') is an image file format developed by Microsoft. It is associated with DirectX and related APIs. Some video game graphics use this format. Images may be uncompressed, or use one of several compression algorithms.

== Identification ==
DDS files begin with ASCII characters "<code>DDS </code>" (hex <code>44 44 53 20</code>).

== Specifications ==
* Microsoft's [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb943992%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Reference for DDS]

== Software ==
* [[ImageMagick]] (read support starting with v6.3.9-2; write support starting with v6.8.6-10)
* [http://code.google.com/p/gimp-dds/ DDS Plugin for GIMP]
* [https://developer.nvidia.com/content/dds-utilities-83111271645 NVIDIA DDS Utilities]
* [http://www.getpaint.net/ Paint.NET]
* [[Tom's Viewer]]

== Sample files ==
* [http://code.google.com/p/tombexcavator/source/browse/#svn%2Ftrunk%2Fdata%2FDDS tombexcavator samples]
* {{DexvertSamples|image/dds}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:DirectDraw Surface|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb943990%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Microsoft's DDS page]

[[Category:Microsoft]]

Xar (vector graphics)

2023-12-28T05:15:27Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|xar}}, {{ext|web}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/vnd.xara}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/922}}
|released=1997
}}
'''Xar''' is a vector graphics file format developed by Xara as an open standard, and used by some of their products such as ''Xara X'' (now named ''Xara Photo & Graphic Designer''). It was originally named '''Flare'''. It is also known by a number of other names containing the word '''Xara'''.

== Identification ==
Files begin with bytes <code>'X' 'A' 'R' 'A' 0xA3 0xA3 0x0D 0x0A</code>.

== Specifications ==
* [http://site.xara.com/support/docs/webformat/spec/ Xara Specifications] → [http://site.xara.com/support/docs/webformat/spec/XARFormatDocument.pdf Xar Format Specification]

== Software ==
* [http://site.xara.com/support/docs/webformat/spec/ Xara Specifications] → [http://site.xara.com/support/docs/webformat/spec/XarLib.zip XarLib]
* [[Scribus]]
* [[XnView]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/xara}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Xara Flare|Wikipedia: Xara Flare]]
* [[Wikipedia:Xara Photo & Graphic Designer|Wikipedia: Xara Photo & Graphic Designer]]
* [http://www.xara.com/us/ Xara website]

[[Category:Corel]]

Windows Metafile

2023-12-28T05:15:26Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|wmf}}, {{ext|wmz}}, {{ext|apm}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/wmf}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/119}}
|kaitai struct=wmf
|released=1990
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q1072083}}
}}
:''Not to be confused with [[Windows Media Metafile]].''
:''For EMF, see [[Enhanced Metafile]].''

'''Windows Metafile''' ('''WMF''') is a vector graphics format native to Microsoft Windows 3.x. It stores a list of commands which, when executed, generate an image.

The term ''Windows Metafile'' usually refers specifically to WMF format, though it can also be an umbrella term that includes the successor format, [[Enhanced Metafile]] (EMF).

The '''.wmz''' extension reportedly indicates a [[ZIP]]-compressed WMF file, but the only .wmz files we've seen are actually [[gzip]]-compressed.

Most WMF files begin with a 22-byte "Aldus Placeable Metafile" header, which supplies suggested placement and scaling information. Some (mainly older) WMF files lack this header.

== Identification ==
WMF data (usually?) begins with the byte sequence {{magic|01 00 09 00}} or {{magic|02 00 09 00}}. This sequence may appear at the beginning of a WMF file, but it is usually at offset 22, and the file begins with the Aldus Placeable Metafile signature of {{magic|D7 CD C6 9A}}.

== Specifications ==
* [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc250370.aspx [MS-WMF]: Windows Metafile Format] - Current version
* [https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/digformatspecs/WindowsMetafileFormat(wmf)Specification.pdf Windows Metafile Format (wmf) Specification] - Unknown version, 2007
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd145202%28v=VS.85%29.aspx Microsoft Docs: Windows-Format Metafiles]

== Software ==
* [http://inkscape.org/ Inkscape]
* [[Scribus]]
* [[Konvertor]]
* [[XnView]]
* [[ImageMagick]]
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/libuemf/ libUEMF]
* [http://wvware.sourceforge.net/libwmf.html libwmf]
* [https://sk1project.net/modules.php?name=Products&product=uniconvertor UniConvertor]
* [http://snisurset.net/code/abydos/ abydos]

== Sample files ==
* http://cd.textfiles.com/10000gp2/COLORWMF/
* http://cd.textfiles.com/cdreview/cdreview66/MULTIM/MEDI8OR/CLIPART/PICTURES/
* {{DexvertSamples|image/wmf}}

== See also ==
* [[Enhanced Metafile]]
* [[Segmented Hypergraphics]]

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Windows Metafile|Wikipedia article]]
* {{EGFF|wmf|Microsoft Windows Metafile File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]].
* [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/66949 Microsoft support: Windows Metafile Functions & Aldus Placeable Metafiles]
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms534075%28v=vs.85%29.aspx MSDN: WmfPlaceableFileHeader structure]
* http://wvware.sourceforge.net/caolan/ora-wmf.html

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Windows]]

PFM (Portable Float Map)

2023-12-28T05:15:21Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|pfm}}
}}
:''"PFM" redirects here. For the font format, see [[Adobe Type 1]].''

'''PFM''' ('''Portable FloatMap''') is the unofficial floating point [[Netpbm formats|Netpbm image format]].

Such a format has been invented multiple times, in incompatible ways. The most standard version of it is probably the one supported by [[Netpbm]], which apparently came from the ''HDR Shop'' graphics software.

See also [[Augmented PFM]].

== Identification ==
Files begin with ASCII characters "<code>PF</code>" or "<code>Pf</code>, followed by a whitespace character.

See also [[Augmented PFM#Identification]].

== Software ==
* [[Netpbm]]
* [[ImageMagick]]
* [[XnView]]
* [http://snisurset.net/code/abydos/ abydos]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/pfm}}

== Resources ==
* [http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pfm.html Netpbm: PFM graphic image file format]
* [http://www.pauldebevec.com/Research/HDR/PFM/ PFM Portable FloatMap Image Format]

FlashPix

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|fpx}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/vnd.fpx}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/56}}
}}
'''Kodak FlashPix''' ('''FPX''') is a complex raster image file format intended for use with photographic images. It was developed by Eastman Kodak, in collaboration with Hewlett-Packard, Live Picture, and Microsoft. It is based on [[Microsoft Compound File]] format.

A FlashPix file contains either a single image, or multiple representations of the same image at different resolutions.

The format is tile-oriented. A tile may use [[JPEG]] compression, or be uncompressed. There is also a scheme to efficiently encode tiles whose pixels are all the same color.

== Identifiers ==
* Macintosh file type: <code>FPix</code>

== Related formats ==
* The [[Exif]] specification defines a way to store some of the data from a FlashPix file in an Exif-compliant [[JPEG]] file.
* [[Kodak]] KDC

== Specifications ==
* [http://graphcomp.com/info/specs/livepicture/fpx.pdf FlashPix Format Specification Version 1.0]

== Software ==
* [[ImageMagick]]
* Flashpix OpenSource Toolkit (libfpx): [http://www.imagemagick.org/download/delegates/ ImageMagick delegates] → libfpx-*
* [[Konvertor]]

== Sample files ==
* [https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick6/tree/master/PerlMagick/t/fpx PerlMagick test files]
* {{DexvertSamples|image/fpx}}
* [https://archive.org/details/Live_Pix_Special_Edition_-_Windows95 Live Pix Special Edition - Windows95+] → LIVEPIX.iso → .../*.FPX
* [https://archive.org/details/LooneyTunesPhotoFun Looney Tunes Photo Fun] → LooneyTunesPhotoFun.iso → Photos/.../*.FPX

== Resources ==
* [[Wikipedia:FlashPix|Wikipedia article]]
* [https://exiftool.org/TagNames/FlashPix.html ExifTool FlashPix Tags]

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Hewlett-Packard]]
[[Category:Microsoft Compound File]]
[[Category:JPEG]]

KFX (Atari graphics format)

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|kfx}}
}}
'''KFX''' is a graphics format for the Atari line of computers with unknown origin.

== Software ==
* [[RECOIL]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/kfx}}

Windows Animated Cursor

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|ani}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-navi-animation}}<ref>https://reposcope.com/mimetype/application/x-navi-animation</ref>
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/386}}
}}
[[Windows Animated Cursor]] Format ('''ANI''') is an animated image format, mostly used for cursors (mouse pointer graphics) on Microsoft Windows.

== Format ==
ANI files use the [[RIFF]] container format. Individual frames can be encoded in [[ICO]] format, [[CUR]] format, or a "raw pixel data" format that does not seem to be fully documented.

== Identification ==
Files begin with <code>'R' 'I' 'F' 'F' ?? ?? ?? ?? 'A' 'C' 'O' 'N'</code>.

== Software ==
* {{Deark}}
* [[XnView]]
* [https://inkscape.org/ Inkscape]
* [http://www.irfanview.com/ IrfanView]

== Sample files ==
* http://cd.textfiles.com/desktopworks/CURSORS/
* http://www.anicursor.com/diercur.html
* http://www.angelfire.com/my/plinth/cursors.html
* {{DexvertSamples|image/ani}}

== Links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130530192915/http://oreilly.com/www/centers/gff/formats/micriff GFF Format Summary: Microsoft RIFF] (from archive.org)
* [[Wikipedia:ANI %28file format%29|Wikipedia article]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:RIFF based file formats]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Windows]]
[[Category:Video]]

Minolta MRW

2023-12-28T05:15:11Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|mrw}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/669}}
}}
'''MRW''' ('''Minolta RAW''') is a raw image format used by Minolta (later Konica-Minolta) cameras. After the [[Sony]] purchase, Sony branded SLR use a different format: [[Sony ARW|ARW]].

== Identification ==
Files start with bytes <code>00 4d 52 4d</code>.

== Related formats ==
Though not based on [[TIFF]], MRW files do contain [[Exif]] and [[MakerNote]] data.

== Specifications ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120724023127/http://www.dalibor.cz/minolta/raw_file_format.htm Dalibor Jelinek's documentation] (from archive.org)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060313201319/http://www.chauveau-central.net/mrw-format/mrw-format.txt Stephane Chauveau documentation] (from archive.org)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090214101740/http://crousseau.free.fr/imgfmt_raw.htm Cedric Rousseau documentation] from one of the developers of DxO (from archive.org)
* [https://exiftool.org/TagNames/Minolta.html ExifTool: Minolta Tags]

== Software ==
* See also [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors#Software|Cameras and Digital Image Sensors: Software]]
* [http://www.focalplane.net/imagecooker/ ImageCooker]

== Sample files ==
* [http://www.rawsamples.ch/index.php/en/minolta RAW-Samples: Minolta]
* http://digikam3rdparty.free.fr/TEST_IMAGES/ → [http://digikam3rdparty.free.fr/TEST_IMAGES/RAW/HORIZONTAL/ RAW/HORIZONTAL/], [http://digikam3rdparty.free.fr/TEST_IMAGES/RAW/VERTICAL/ RAW/VERTICAL/], [http://digikam3rdparty.free.fr/TEST_IMAGES/NOISE/ NOISE/], [http://digikam3rdparty.free.fr/TEST_IMAGES/METADATA/digiKam/ METADATA/digiKam/], [http://digikam3rdparty.free.fr/TEST_IMAGES/TestRotation/ TestRotation/]
* {{DexvertSamples|image/mrw}}

DUO

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|du1}} {{ext|du2}} {{ext|duo}}
}}
"'''DUO'''" is a set of similar graphics formats for the Atari computers with unknown origin. The original name, if anything, is unknown.

== Identification ==
Files are exactly 113600 bytes long.

From [https://web.archive.org/web/20191221202304/http://www.atari-wiki.com/index.php/DUO_file_format the AtariForumWiki page]:
<pre>
DUO *.DU1 *.DUO (low resolution)
*.DU2 (medium resolution)

Created by Anders Eriksson: http://ae.dhs.nu/
These are essentially 2 screens with over-scan interlaced together.

Low resolution files are 416x273 pixels:

16 words palette
56784 bytes screen 1
56784 bytes screen 2
-----------
113600 bytes total

Medium resolution files are 832x273 pixels:

4 words palette
56784 bytes screen 1
56784 bytes screen 2
24 bytes padding if present, otherwise total size is 113576 bytes
-----------
113600 bytes total

Both screens use the same palette, but when viewed the human eye merges the two
alternating images into one.
</pre>

== Software ==
* [[RECOIL]]
* [http://snisurset.net/code/abydos/ abydos]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/duStar}}

== Links ==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20191221202304/http://www.atari-wiki.com/index.php/DUO_file_format

Enhanced Metafile

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|emf}}, {{ext|emz}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/emf}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/153}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/344}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/345}}
|released=1993
}}
'''Enhanced Metafile''' ('''EMF''') is a vector graphics format native to 32-bit versions of Microsoft Windows. It is the successor to [[Windows Metafile]] (WMF).

There is an extension of the format, named '''Enhanced Metafile Format Plus Extensions''' ('''EMF+''').

The '''.emz''' filename extension is reportedly used for [[gzip]]-compressed EMF files.

== Format details ==
Though EMF is very similar in concept to [[Windows Metafile|WMF]], the format itself is quite different, and completely incompatible. It has a different record structure, and different command opcodes.

== Identification ==
EMF files begin with bytes {{magic|01 00 00 00}} (representing record type EMR_HEADER), and have ASCII "<code> EMF</code>" (with the leading space) at file offset 40.

EMF+ files are EMF files with the following characteristics. Let ''n'' be the 32-bit integer at offset 4. At offset ''n'' is the 32-bit integer 0x00000046 (representing record type EMR_COMMENT). At offset ''n''+12 is the ASCII string "{{magic|EMF+}}".

== Specifications ==
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc230514.aspx Enhanced Metafile Format]
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc230724.aspx Enhanced Metafile Format Plus Extensions]

== Metaformat files ==
* {{Synalysis|emf}}

== Software ==
* [http://inkscape.org/ Inkscape]
* [[Scribus]]
* [[Konvertor]]
* [[XnView]]
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/libuemf/ libUEMF]
* [http://snisurset.net/code/abydos/ abydos]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/emf}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia: Windows Metafile#Variants]]

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Windows]]

WebP

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|webp}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/webp}} (unregistered)
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/566}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/567}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/568}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q62617958}}
|released=2010
}}
'''WebP''' is an image file format developed by Google, primarily intended for use on web pages.

It can use either lossy or lossless compression. Its lossy compression is based on portions of the [[VP8]] video compression format.

It uses the [[RIFF]] container format.

See also [[WebP 2]].

== Identification ==
Files begin with bytes {{magic|'R' 'I' 'F' 'F' ?? ?? ?? ?? 'W' 'E' 'B' 'P'}}.

== Software ==
* [[Konvertor]]
* libwebp: [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/download download] · [http://www.webmproject.org/code/#webp-repositories development]
* [https://www.google.com/chrome/ Google Chrome] can display WebP images
* [[ImageMagick]]
* [http://snisurset.net/code/abydos/ abydos]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/webp}}

== Links ==
* [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/ Google's WebP page]
* [[Wikipedia:WebP|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://xooyoozoo.github.io/yolo-octo-bugfixes/ Online demonstrator] - shows quality differences between similarly-sized images in [[JPEG]], [[JP2]], [[WebP]] and [[BPG]] formats
* [https://medium.com/@duhroach/how-webp-works-lossly-mode-33bd2b1d0670 How WebP works (lossly mode)]

[[Category:RIFF based file formats]]
[[Category:Google]]

SAM Coupé Mode 4

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|ss4}} {{ext|scs4}}
}}
'''SAM Coupé Mode 4''' is a graphics format for the SAM Coupé computer.

== Identification ==
Files are exactly 24617 bytes long

== Software ==
* [[RECOIL]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/samCoupeMode4}}

Fractal Image Format

2023-12-28T05:15:04Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|fif}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/320}}
}}
'''FIF''' ('''Fractal Image Format''') is a raster image format that uses lossy [[fractal compression]]. It is apparently a proprietary format developed by Iterated Systems.

== Identification ==
Some FIF files begin with bytes <code>'F' 'I' 'F' 0x01</code>.

[http://cd.textfiles.com/wthreepack/wthreepack-1/COMPRESS/FIFDEMO.ZIP This demo] includes FIF files that begin with "{{magic|FTC}}".

== Software ==
* [[Wikipedia:Genuine Fractals|Genuine Fractals]] Photoshop plug-in
* Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia licensed FIF for image compression.

== Sample files ==
* http://users.senet.com.au/~mjbone/Fractals.html → [http://users.senet.com.au/~mjbone/River.fif River.fif]
* {{DexvertSamples|image/fractalImageFormat}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/19970722065650/http://www.altamira-group.com/gallweb.html

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Fractal compression|Wikipedia: Fractal compression]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970403013947/http://www.altamira-group.com/faq4.html (AltaMira) Fractal Technology (archived)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980626190724/http://www.iterated.com/products/fractalviewer.htm Archived web page about discontinued Fractal Imager and Fractal Viewer products]
* [https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/1999/04/12/focus11.html Atlanta Journal Article about Iterated Systems] (1999-04-12)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19971210205745/http://www.sigmaxi.org:80/amsci/issues/Sciobs96/Sciobs96-09image.html Fractal Image Compression, American Scientist] (1996 Sept-Oct issue)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160831070652/http://www.mathaware.org/mam/98/articles/theme.essay.html#Fractals Mathematics Awareness Week - April 1998] - High-level explanation of technology behind the format.

ICE (Atari)

2023-12-28T05:15:00Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|icn}}, {{ext|imn}}, {{ext|ipc}}, {{ext|ip2}}
}}
'''ICE''' is a set of similar graphics formats for the Atari computers with unknown origin.

Formats:
* ICE CIN (.ICN)
* ICE MIN (.IMN)
* ICE PCIN (.IPC)
* ICE PCIN+ (.IP2)

== Software ==
* [[RECOIL]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/iceStar}}

Paradox (graphics)

2023-12-28T05:14:59Z

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{{FormatInfo
|name=Paradox
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|mcpp}}
|released=1996
}}
'''Paradox''' is a graphics program for the Atari line of computers.

== Identification ==
<code>.mcpp</code> files are exactly 8008 bytes long.

== Software ==
* [[RECOIL]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/mcpp}}

== Links ==
* [https://demozoo.org/productions/111562/ Paradox v0.92]

Crunch-Mania

2023-12-28T05:14:56Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Compression
}}
'''Crunch-Mania''' is a compressed file format produced by the Amiga packer program Crunch-Mania.

== Identification ==
Files begin with "{{magic|CrM2}}".

== Software ==
* http://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania-mos (Compiles and works fine on modern linux)
* [http://aminet.net/package/util/pack/CrMv191t Crunch-Mania Test Version 1.91]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/crunchMania}}
[[Category:Amiga]]

TTCOMP

2023-12-28T05:14:47Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Compression
|extensions={{ext|ttc}}, others
|released=≤1993
}}
'''TTCOMP''' is the informal name of a file compression utility developed by SWFTE International. Its compressed file format is just a raw blob of [[PKWARE DCL Implode]]-compressed data. The name "TTCOMP" has sometimes been used (misused?) for any file compressed in such a manner, even if it has nothing to do with the TTCOMP software.

The software is included in SWFTE's ''Typecase'' product, and maybe some other SWFTE products, as files named "COMPR.EXE" and "DECOMPR.EXE". It may also found by itself, as files named "TTCOMP.EXE" and "TTDECOMP.EXE", though there's no evidence that this is an official distribution. The origin of the name "TTCOMP" is unknown; Typecase does not appear to use it. Someone may have derived it from the '''.TTC''' filename extension that Typecase uses for compressed [[TrueType]] fonts.

== Identification ==
Refer to [[PKWARE DCL Implode#Identification]] for how to identify PKWARE DCL Implode format in general.

TTCOMP.EXE/COMPR.EXE appears to only ever use binary compression, and a 4K dictionary. But TTDECOMP.EXE/DECOMPR.EXE can decompress all six modes. So you could decide that ''true'' TTCOMP files always start with bytes {{magic|0x00 0x06}}, or you could account for the other modes as well.

Also be aware of [[ZAR (Zip-Archiv)]] format, which can be mistaken for TTCOMP.

== Software ==
* [{{SACFTPURL|pack|ttcomp.zip}} ttcomp.zip] → TTCOMP.EXE, TTDECOMP.EXE (DOS software)
* [http://www.exelana.com/techie/c/ttdecomp.html TTDecomp]
* [https://vetusware.com/download/Typecase%202.60/?id=7021 Typecase v2.60 (at Vetusware)] (Windows 3.x software; compression utilities are for DOS)
* {{Deark}}

See also [[PKWARE DCL Implode#Software]].

== Sample files ==
* [https://archive.org/details/TYPECASE_ZIP Typecase Demo] → *.TTC
* [https://archive.org/details/UniversalDialUPModemDriverCD Universal Dial UP Modem Driver CD] → SOFTWARE/BITWARE/.../*.??$
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/ttcomp}}

[[Category:PKWARE]]

Gzip

2023-12-28T05:14:46Z

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{{FormatInfo
|name=gzip
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Compression
|extensions={{ext|gz}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-gzip}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/266}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q10287816}}
}}
'''gzip''' is a compressed file format and command line utility used primarily on Unix-style operating systems, but available cross-platform. It uses [[DEFLATE]] compression.

== Identification ==
gzip files begin with two signature bytes: {{magic|0x1F 0x8B}}. The third byte indicates the compression method, and is normally <code>0x08</code> (meaning DEFLATE).

gzip 0.5 apparently used [[Freeze/Melt]] 1.x format, with signature bytes {{magic|0x1F 0x9E}}.

== Specifications ==
* RFC 1952
== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/gz}}

== Software ==
* [http://www.gzip.org Original gzip]
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/ GNU gzip]
* [[7-Zip]]
* [https://zlib.net zlib]
* [https://github.com/google/zopfli zopfli] (Gzip-compatible, better compression, but very slow compression)
* [http://pastebin.com/kYKpfUjd Tiny gzip decompressor without using zlib] (C++)
* {{Deark}}

See also [[DEFLATE#Software]].

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:gzip|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://www.infinitepartitions.com/cgi-bin/showarticle.cgi?article=art001 Dissecting the GZIP format]
* [https://twitter.com/angealbertini/status/534817626342436864/photo/1 Chart of format]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20762094/how-are-zlib-gzip-and-zip-related-what-do-they-have-in-common-and-how-are-they/20765054#20765054 How are zlib, gzip and Zip related? What do they have in common and how are they different?] - Response to StackOverflow question by zlib/gzip co-creator Mark Adler
* [[GZSteg]] - hiding a file within a gzip

Pro-Pack

2023-12-28T05:14:44Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Compression
|extensions={{ext|rnc}}, others
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q105860435}}, {{wikidata|Q105860831}}, {{wikidata|Q105855066}}
|released=1991
}}
'''PROPACK''' (spelled '''PRO-PACK''' in some versions, and also known as '''RNC''' compression) is multi-function data compression utility that was used by several commercial games. It was developed by Rob Northen (frequently misspelled "Northern"), who also produced the Rob Northen copylock ([[wikipedia:Rob Northen copylock|Wikipedia article]]) copy protection scheme.

Binary versions of the software were available for at least Amiga and IBM PC (DOS). Decompression routines written in assembly language were provided for 680x0 processors (Amiga, Atari ST, Megadrive), 80x86 (IBM PC), 65c816 (SNES) and 65C02 (Atari Lynx).

Its native formats include a compressed file format, a compressed archive format (at least in v2.14+), and various executable compression formats. Supported executable formats include [[Amiga Hunk]], [[MS-DOS EXE|DOS EXE]] (compressed to EXE), [[DOS executable (.com)|DOS COM]] (compressed to COM), Atari ST [[Atari ST executable|TOS]], MC68000, and Atari Lynx executables.

== Identification ==
ProPack data files begin with ASCII "{{magic|RNC}}", followed by an <code>0x01</code> or <code>0x02</code> byte to indicate the compression method used.

ProPack archive files begin with ASCII "{{magic|RNCA}}".

Compressed executable formats: ''(TODO)''.

== Format documentation ==
* [https://www.segaretro.org/Rob_Northen_compression Reverse-engineered data format from Sega Retro]
* [https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/RNC_ProPack MultimediaWiki article]

== Software ==
* [http://aminet.net/package/util/pack/RNC_ProPack RNC_ProPack.lha] - includes the original compressor for IBM PC and Amiga, all the decompression routines mentioned above, plus a MIPS R4300 version for the Nintendo 64 and a Z80 version for the GameBoy
* {{OldskoolDOSEXE}} → DOSEXE Executable Tools Pack → packers/propack.* (has 2.08, 2.14, 2.19)
* [http://old-dos.ru/index.php?page=files&mode=files&do=show&id=5325 Various versions, at old-dos.ru]
* [https://github.com/lab313ru/rnc_propack_source Pro-Pack compressor and decompressor written in C]
* [https://github.com/temisu/ancient Ancient]

''Ed. note: The command-line utility's syntax is challenging to figure out, unforgiving, and different in different versions.''

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/rnc}}

[[Category:Executable compression]]
[[Category:Archiving]]
[[Category:Amiga]]

MSA (Magic Shadow Archiver)

2023-12-28T05:14:43Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Disk Image Formats
|extensions={{ext|msa}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q28771271}}
}}
'''MSA''' is a floppy disk image format for Atari computers. It originated with the ''Magic Shadow Archiver'' software. It's used for archiving floppy disks, and is supported by some emulators.

For general information about Atari ST disk images, see [[ST disk image]].

== Identification ==
MSA files begin with bytes {{magic|0x0E 0x0F}}.

== Specifications ==
* [http://info-coach.fr/atari/documents/_mydoc/FD_Image_File_Format.pdf Atari Image File Formats], by DrCoolZic

== Software ==
* [http://msaconverter.free.fr/ MSA Converter] (Windows application)
* [http://cd.textfiles.com/crawlycrypt2/utility/archiver/msa_2_3/ Magic Shadow Archiver]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507110406/https://www.uni-ulm.de/~s_thuth/ix/msa-0.1.0.tar.gz msa-to-st]
* {{Deark}}

== Sample files ==
* [http://no-fragments.atari.org/browser/index.php?dir=no_fragments_01%2FMSA%2F No Fragments 1]
* Some files on [http://cd.textfiles.com/crawlycrypt2/demos/ The Crawly Crypt Collection CD 2], for example [http://cd.textfiles.com/crawlycrypt2/demos/adrenaln/adr_1.msa adr_1.msa]
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/msa}}

[[Category:Atari computers]]

Windows Imaging Format

2023-12-28T05:14:42Z

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{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Archiving
|extensions={{ext|wim}}, {{ext|swm}}, {{ext|esd}}, {{ext|wim2}}, {{ext|ppkg}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-ms-wim}}<ref>https://reposcope.com/mimetype/application/x-ms-wim</ref>
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/614}}
}}
The '''Windows Imaging Format''' is a file-based disk image format (as opposed to a [[Disk Image Formats|sector-based one]]) used to preserve and distribute a complete copy of a set of files with all its MS-Windows filesystem structure and metadata. It is created with the ImageX command line tool, part of the free Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK).
The file name extension <code>swm</code> is used for images splited into multiple parts.
The variant with the file name extension <code>esd</code> use <code>LZMS</code> compression.
Reconstruct.WIM2 is generated as second disk image by Microsoft's recovery drive creating tool <code>RecoveryDrive.exe</code>,
when the option to back up system files to the recovery drive is chosen.
<ref>https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/4200-create-recovery-drive-windows-10-a.html</ref>
The <code>PPKG</code> file extension is used for Microsoft Windows provisioning packages.
<ref>https://deploymentresearch.com/beyond-basic-windows-10-provisioning-packages/</ref>

== Identification ==
WIM images begin with {{magic|MSWIM\0\0\0}} or {{magic|WLPWM\0\0\0}} for the wimlib pipable variant.<ref>https://wimlib.net/man1/wimcapture.html</ref>

== Software ==
* ImageX
* DISM part of the Windows Assessment and Deployment Kit
* [https://wimlib.net/ wimlib]
* [[7-Zip]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/wim}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Windows Imaging Format|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd799284%28v=ws.10%29.aspx Tech docs in Microsoft site]
* [http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=13096 White paper]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Windows]]

Compress (Unix)

2023-12-28T05:14:40Z

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{{FormatInfo
|name=compress (Unix)
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Compression
|extensions={{ext|Z}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-compress}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q29209269}}
|released=~1984
}}
:''This article is about a specific file format. For compression in general, see [[Compression]].''

'''compress''' is a Unix command line utility, and a general-purpose compressed file format. Its compression algorithm is based on [[LZW]].

== Identifiers ==
The conventional filename extension is a capitalized '''.Z'''.

== Identification ==
Files begin with bytes {{magic|1f 9d}}.

== See also ==
* [[SCO compress LZH]] - variant
* [[Quasijarus Strong Compression]] - variant
* [[pack (Unix)]] - predecessor
* [[compact (Unix)]] - predecessor
* [[Squash (RISC OS)]]
* [[compact (Gene Olson)]]

Formats that could be considered to be the successors of ''compress'' include [[Freeze/Melt]], and (especially) [[Gzip]].

== The 0x1f compression family ==
There are several compressed file formats, with similar features, that begin with byte value {{magic|0x1f}} (octal 037; decimal 31). We arbitrarily choose ''compress'' as the representative example, and list the formats here.

{| class="wikitable"
! Signature (hex) !! Format
|-
| <code>1f 1e</code> || [[pack (Unix)]]
|-
| <code>1f 1f</code> || [[pack (Unix)]] - old format
|-
| <code>1f 8b</code> || [[gzip]]
|-
| <code>1f 9d</code> || compress
|-
| <code>1f 9e</code> || [[Freeze/Melt]] - old format
|-
| <code>1f 9f</code> || [[Freeze/Melt]] - new format
|-
| <code>1f a0</code> || [[SCO compress LZH]]
|-
| <code>1f a1</code> || [[Quasijarus Strong Compression]]
|-
| <code>1f ff</code> or <code>ff 1f</code> || [[compact (Unix)]]
|}

== Software ==
* [https://vapier.github.io/ncompress/ ncompress]
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/ Gzip]
* [[7-Zip]]
* [https://github.com/vapier/liblzw liblzw]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130702195528/http://www.willus.com/archive/unixcmds.zip Windows port of Compress utility]
* {{Deark}}
* [https://github.com/temisu/ancient Ancient]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/compress}}

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Compress (software)|Wikipedia article]]

[[Category:File formats with extension .z]]
[[Category:File formats with case sensitive extensions]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:compress (Unix)}}

Print Artist

2023-12-28T05:14:39Z

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{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|gfx}}, others
|released=1992
}}
'''Print Artist''' (originally named '''Instant Artist''') is a line of graphics/productivity software. This article is partly about its native '''.gfx''' format, and partly about the software, and its other formats.

== Formats ==
GFX is apparently a (vector based?) clip art library format, though it might have other uses.

Many other file extensions have reportedly been used by Print Artist, including:
* '''.ban''' - banner
* '''.bc''' - business card
* '''.cal''' - calendar
* '''.cer''' - certificate
* '''.crf''' - craft
* '''.env''' - envelope
* '''.gc''' - greeting card
* '''.lbl''' - labels
* '''.lth''' - letterhead
* '''.pc''' - postcard
* '''.qot''' - quote
* '''.sgn''' - sign

== History ==
Instant Artist was developed by The Pixellite Group, and published by Autodesk around 1992. It was soon acquired by Maxis, and renamed Print Artist. In 1995, it was acquired by Sierra On-Line. As of 2019, it is maintained by Nova Development.

There were also educational offshoots, ca. 1998, named Print Artist Junior and Print Artist Craft Factory. The latter was apparently developed in partnership with Knowledge Adventure. These versions apparently use quite different file formats, based on [[Microsoft Compound File]] format, including a different '''.gfx''' format, '''.pa''', '''.lyx''', '''jpx'''.

== Identification ==
The GFX files we've examined all begin with bytes {{magic|f0 0d 03 00}} (not counting the ones based on [[Microsoft Compound File]]).

== Software ==
* [http://trusted22.blogspot.com/2011/04/welcome-to-instant-artist_01.html Some downloads of disk images of Instant Artist]
* [https://archive.org/details/Print_Artist_CD_Edition_The_Pixellite_Group_0040-031-0601A_1994 Print Artist CD Edition] (1995)
* [https://archive.org/details/printartist3classic Print Artist Classic 3.0] (1997)
* [https://archive.org/details/PrintArtist4 Print Artist 4 for Windows] (1999)
* [https://archive.org/details/PrintArtist12.0SpecialEdition2000 Print Artist 12.0 Special Edition] (2000)
* [https://archive.org/details/PrintArtistCraftFactory Print Artist Craft Factory]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/printArtist}}

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia: Sierra Print Artist]]
* [https://winworldpc.com/product/instant-artist-print Some info on Instant Artist]
* [http://sierrachest.com/index.php?a=games&id=413&title=print-artist-4&fld=general The Sierra Chest: Print Artist 4] → [http://sierrachest.com/index.php?a=games&id=413&title=print-artist-4&fld=walkthrough Walkthrough]
* https://www.printartist.com/

[[Category:Autodesk]]
[[Category:Sierra On-Line]]

Bzip2

2023-12-28T05:14:38Z

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{{FormatInfo
|name=bzip2
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Compression
|extensions={{ext|bz2}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-bzip2}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/268}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q27866052}}
|released=1997
}}
'''bzip2''' is a data compression algorithm and compressed file format. It was developed by Julian Seward.

== Identification ==
A bzip2 file starts with the byte pattern {{magic|42 5a 68 ?? 31 41 59 26 53 59}}.

The first three bytes are ASCII "{{magic|BZh}}". (For signature "{{magic|BZ0}}", refer to the original [[bzip]] format.) The "<code>h</code>" has been said to stand for "Huffman coding", but confirmation is needed.

The byte at offset 3 is a code for the block size. Its possible values range from <code>0x31</code> to <code>0x39</code> (ASCII "<code>1</code>" to "<code>9</code>").

The bytes at offset 4-9 are derived from the digits of the mathematical constant π ([[Binary-coded decimal|BCD]]-encoded).

The end-of-file marker uses magic number (hex) {{magic|17 72 45 38 50 90}}, derived from the square root of π. However, it is not byte-aligned. The result is that one of the following byte sequences appears beginning 10 bytes from the end of the file:

b9 22 9c 28 48
dc 91 4e 14 24
ee 48 a7 0a 12
77 24 53 85 09
bb 92 29 c2 84
5d c9 14 e1 42
2e e4 8a 70 a1
17 72 45 38 50

== Specifications ==
* [https://github.com/dsnet/compress/blob/master/doc/bzip2-format.pdf Unofficial specification by Joe Tsai]

== Software ==
* [https://sourceware.org/bzip2/ bzip2 and libbzip2]
* [[7-Zip]]

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|archive/bz2}}

== See also ==
* [[Burrows–Wheeler transform]]
* [[bzip]] (predecessor)

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Bzip2|Wikipedia article]]
* [https://sourceware.org/bzip2/ bzip2 and libbzip2 website]
* [https://github.com/corkami/pics/blob/master/binary/BZ2.png Chart of format details]
* [https://lwn.net/Articles/762264/ bzip.org changes hands] (LWN article from August 9, 2018)
* [{{ForensicsWikiURL|bzip2}} ForensicsWiki entry] (also includes more details on the headers)
* [http://www.bzip.org/ bzip.org]

Crunch-Mania

2023-12-28T05:14:35Z

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