Just Solve the File Format Problem - User contributions [en]

RPG

2015-12-09T10:37:56Z

Barry:

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=Languages
|subcat=Programming Languages
|released=1959
}}
In the area of programming languages, '''RPG''' doesn't have anything to do with role-playing games, but is rather a language introduced by IBM in the 1950s, geared toward [[punched card|punch cards]]. Its name stands for Report Program Generator.

RPG is designed for batch-processing tasks that churn through all records of a database (such as a list of transactions) and perform some operation on them such as adding them up or outputting them in a report. An unusual quirk of its syntax is that the function of elements of each program line depends on the column number where the element is located within the line - although this is not enforced with newer versions of the IBM i operating system.

'Free-format' RPG has been around for some years now. This allowed code to be written in a more readable way within two compiler directives (/FREE, /END-FREE). For example:

{|
! Fixed !! Free
|-
| <pre>If Test = 3
Eval Work = A + B
If Work = 1
Eval A = A + 1
Else
If Work = 2
Eval B = B + 1
EndIf
EndIf
Eval C = C – 1
Else
Return
EndIf</pre> || <pre>If Test = 3;
Work = A + B;
If Work = 1;
A = A + 1;
Else;
If Work = 2;
B = B + 1;
EndIf;
EndIf;
C = C – 1;
Else;
Return;
EndIf; </pre>
|}

You should be able to tell that the free-format is easier to read due to the indentation (2 spaces) and also the removal of the eval keyword. There is also free format declarations to look at, which was introduced within the last few years. It allows you to used free-format declarations instead of fixed format (free format declarations are not support by [[SEU]]). Before 2015, all RPG (whether it be free or fixed format) could only support code between columns eight and eighty. Now the newer compilers allow totally free format code using a <code>**FREE</code> directive, which also allows code to be written from the first column - with no maximum.

== References ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG IBM RPG (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.att.es/archivos/rpgtoolbox_whymovetofreeformrpg.pdf (Why move to Free-Form RPG?)]
* [https://ibm.biz/rpgcafe_fullyfree_rpg (RPG Cafe: Fully free-form RPG - new in 7.1 and 7.2)]

[[Category:IBM]]

RPG

2015-12-09T09:57:52Z

Barry: References for free-format

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=Languages
|subcat=Programming Languages
|released=1959
}}
In the area of programming languages, '''RPG''' doesn't have anything to do with role-playing games, but is rather a language introduced by IBM in the 1950s, geared toward [[punched card|punch cards]]. Its name stands for Report Program Generator.

RPG is designed for batch-processing tasks that churn through all records of a database (such as a list of transactions) and perform some operation on them such as adding them up or outputting them in a report. An unusual quirk of its syntax is that the function of elements of each program line depends on the column number where the element is located within the line - although this is not enforced with newer versions of the IBM i operating system.

'Free-format' RPG has been around for some years now. This allowed code to be written in a more readable way within two compiler directives (/FREE, /END-FREE). For example:

{|
! Fixed !! Free
|-
| <pre>If Test = 3
Eval Work = A + B
If Work = 1
Eval A = A + 1
Else
If Work = 2
Eval B = B + 1
EndIf
EndIf
Eval C = C – 1
Else
Return
EndIf</pre> || <pre>If Test = 3;
Work = A + B;
If Work = 1;
A = A + 1;
Else;
If Work = 2;
B = B + 1;
EndIf;
EndIf;
C = C – 1;
Else;
Return;
EndIf; </pre>
|}

You should be able to tell that the free-format is easier to read due to the indentation (2 spaces) and also the removal of the eval keyword. There is also free format declarations to look at, which was introduced within the last few years. It allows you to used free-format declarations instead of fixed format. Before 2015, all RPG (whether it be free or fixed format) could only support code between columns eight and eighty. Now the newer compilers allow totally free format code using a <code>**FREE</code> directive, which also allows code to be written from the first column - with no maximum.

== References ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG IBM RPG (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.att.es/archivos/rpgtoolbox_whymovetofreeformrpg.pdf (Why move to Free-Form RPG?)]
* [https://ibm.biz/rpgcafe_fullyfree_rpg (RPG Cafe: Fully free-form RPG - new in 7.1 and 7.2)]

[[Category:IBM]]

RPG

2015-12-09T09:56:09Z

Barry: Column information

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=Languages
|subcat=Programming Languages
|released=1959
}}
In the area of programming languages, '''RPG''' doesn't have anything to do with role-playing games, but is rather a language introduced by IBM in the 1950s, geared toward [[punched card|punch cards]]. Its name stands for Report Program Generator.

RPG is designed for batch-processing tasks that churn through all records of a database (such as a list of transactions) and perform some operation on them such as adding them up or outputting them in a report. An unusual quirk of its syntax is that the function of elements of each program line depends on the column number where the element is located within the line - although this is not enforced with newer versions of the IBM i operating system.

'Free-format' RPG has been around for some years now. This allowed code to be written in a more readable way within two compiler directives (/FREE, /END-FREE). For example:

{|
! Fixed !! Free
|-
| <pre>If Test = 3
Eval Work = A + B
If Work = 1
Eval A = A + 1
Else
If Work = 2
Eval B = B + 1
EndIf
EndIf
Eval C = C – 1
Else
Return
EndIf</pre> || <pre>If Test = 3;
Work = A + B;
If Work = 1;
A = A + 1;
Else;
If Work = 2;
B = B + 1;
EndIf;
EndIf;
C = C – 1;
Else;
Return;
EndIf; </pre>
|}

You should be able to tell that the free-format is easier to read due to the indentation (2 spaces) and also the removal of the eval keyword. There is also free format declarations to look at, which was introduced within the last few years. It allows you to used free-format declarations instead of fixed format. Before 2015, all RPG (whether it be free or fixed format) could only support code between columns eight and eighty. Now the newer compilers allow totally free format code using a <code>**FREE</code> directive, which also allows code to be written from the first column - with no maximum.

== References ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG IBM RPG (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.att.es/archivos/rpgtoolbox_whymovetofreeformrpg.pdf (Why move to Free-Form RPG?)]

[[Category:IBM]]

Source code

2015-12-09T09:48:15Z

Barry: /* Text-based source code formats */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|thiscat=Source code
|image=Perlcode.png
}}

'''Source code''' is the program code of a [[Programming Languages|programming language]] as stored in a computer's memory or in a file or other storage medium (programs have been stored on [[cassette]]s, [[punched card]]s, and many other media). Except in interpreted languages (like BASIC) which execute the program directly from the source, source code needs to be compiled or assembled into [[executables]] in the target machine code (possibly passing through intermediate stages of object code needing to be linked or code in some intermediary language that is in turn compiled, assembled or interpreted).

Most of the time, program source code is stored as plain text (in a [[Character Encoding|character encoding]]), so it can be viewed or edited in any text viewer or editor, though programmer-oriented development environments offer enhanced features such as language-specific syntax highlighting and integrated access to compilers. However, there are also some specialized source code formats that do not use plain text, instead doing some sort of tokenization to the keywords and syntactic elements of the language. This was more common on early computers that had much more limited memory, disk space, and bandwidth than the present ones.

== Non-text-based source code formats ==

* [[APL]]
** [[APL workspace]]: .apl, .atf, .dws, .dxf
* [[BASIC]]
** [[Tokenized BASIC]]: .bas
* [[Scratch]]
** [[Scratch 1.4 File Format]] .sb, .sprite
** [[Scratch 2.0 File Format]] .sb2

== Text-based source code formats ==

The language can usually be identified by the file extension.

* [[Assembly language]]: .asm, .s
* [[BASIC]]: .bas -- Some BASICs are stored in plain text, others are tokenized as noted above
* [[Bourne shell script]]: .sh
* [[C]]: .c, .cc, .h
* [[C++]]: .cpp, .cxx
* [[C Sharp|C#]]: .cs
* [[ChordQL]]
* [[Java]] : .j, .jav, .java
* [[JavaScript]]: .js
* [[M4]]: .m4
* [[Matlab]]: .m
* [[Music Macro Language]]: .mmi
* [[Objective-C]]: .m, .h
* [[Pascal]]: .pas
* [[Programmable Command Language|PCL]]: .pcl -- DEC TOPS-20 Programmable Command Language
* [[Pixilang]]: .pixi
* [[Perl]]: .pl, .pm
* [[PHP]]: .php
* [[Python]]: .py, .pyc, .pyo, .pyd
* [[RPG]]/RPGLE/RPG IV/RPG ILE: .rpgle, .sqlrpgle

== See also ==
* [[Development]]
* [[Executables]]

== Links ==
* [http://www.cooperhewitt.org/object-of-the-day/2013/08/26/planetary-collecting-and-preserving-code-living-object Planetary: collecting and preserving code as a living object]

RPG

2015-12-09T09:47:06Z

Barry: Added free-format RPG example

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=Languages
|subcat=Programming Languages
|released=1959
}}
In the area of programming languages, '''RPG''' doesn't have anything to do with role-playing games, but is rather a language introduced by IBM in the 1950s, geared toward [[punched card|punch cards]]. Its name stands for Report Program Generator.

RPG is designed for batch-processing tasks that churn through all records of a database (such as a list of transactions) and perform some operation on them such as adding them up or outputting them in a report. An unusual quirk of its syntax is that the function of elements of each program line depends on the column number where the element is located within the line - although this is not enforced with newer versions of the IBM i operating system.

'Free-format' RPG has been around for some years now. This allowed code to be written in a more readable way within two compiler directives (/FREE, /END-FREE). For example:

{|
! Fixed !! Free
|-
| <pre>If Test = 3
Eval Work = A + B
If Work = 1
Eval A = A + 1
Else
If Work = 2
Eval B = B + 1
EndIf
EndIf
Eval C = C – 1
Else
Return
EndIf</pre> || <pre>If Test = 3;
Work = A + B;
If Work = 1;
A = A + 1;
Else;
If Work = 2;
B = B + 1;
EndIf;
EndIf;
C = C – 1;
Else;
Return;
EndIf; </pre>
|}

You should be able to tell that the free-format is easier to read due to the indentation (2 spaces) and also the removal of the eval keyword. There is also free format declarations to look at, which was introduced within the last few years. It allows you to used free-format declarations instead of fixed format.

== References ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG IBM RPG (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.att.es/archivos/rpgtoolbox_whymovetofreeformrpg.pdf (Why move to Free-Form RPG?)]

[[Category:IBM]]

Operating Systems

2015-12-09T09:15:57Z

Barry: /* Mainframe */ Added the IBM i operating system

{|
|[[Software]]
| >
|[[Operating Systems]]
|}

'''Operating Systems''' are what make [[Computing Device|computers]] do what they do, managing their resources and overseeing input, output, and data storage and retrieval. They form a platform on which applications software (programs, apps, programming languages, etc.) runs. Operating systems (or OSs) can be proprietary or free, closed or open source, and specific to one manufacturer's hardware or portable between multiple hardware platforms.

A category of particular interest to fans of nonproprietary software are those OSs that are developed independently of a closed proprietary system and allow the use of software originally developed for those systems to run without them. Ideally as well as being binary compatible at the user level, they are also driver compatible (allowing the use of older hardware as well).

== Proprietary OSs ==

=== Mainframe ===

* [[Compatible Time Sharing System]]
* [[IBM System/360]]
* [[IBM i]]
* [[Multics]]
* [[TOPS-10]]
* [[TOPS-20]]

=== Minicomputer ===

* [[IBM System/34]]
* [[IBM System/36]]
* [[Unix]]
* [[VAX/VMS]]

=== Personal computer ===

* Apple II
** [[Apple II DOS]]
** [[ProDOS]]
* Apple III
** [[Apple SOS]]
* Apple Macintosh
** [[MacOS]]
** [[OS X]]
* [[BeOS]]
* [[CP/M]]
* [[EOS]] (Coleco Adam)
* [[IBM 5100]]
* [[MSX]]
* [[NeXTstep]]
* [[OS/2]]
* [[PC-DOS]] / [[MS-DOS]]
* [[TRS-DOS]] (Tandy/Radio Shack)
* [[Windows]]
** [[Windows 3.x]]
** [[Windows 95]]
** [[Windows 98]]
** [[Windows NT]]
** [[Windows 2000]]
** [[Windows XP]]
** [[Windows Vista]]
** [[Windows 7]]
** [[Windows 8]]
** [[Windows 10]] (they skipped Windows 9)

=== Mobile device ===

* [[Android]] (Google)
* [[Apple Newton]]
* [[Blackberry]]
* [[iOS]] (Apple devices)
* [[PalmOS]]
* [[WebOS]]
* [[Windows Mobile]]

== Free OSs ==

* [[Firefox OS]]
* [[FreeBSD]]
* [[Linux]]
* [[Robot Operating System]] [http://www.ros.org/wiki/]
* [[Tizen]]
* [[Ubuntu Touch]]
* [[WristOS]] (Dynawa wrist computer)
* [[X Window System]]

=== Nonproprietary OSs emulating proprietary ones ===
(see also [[Emulation Software]])

* [[FreeDOS]] - DOS
* [[ReactOS]] - MS Windows - see also [[Wine]]
* [[Haiku]] - BeOS

== Links ==
* [http://simh.trailing-edge.com/pdf/pdp10_doc.pdf PDP-10 simulator instructions]
* [http://retrocmp.com/projects/virtual-pdp-10-ki10-panel-on-simh Virtual PDP-10 KI10 panel on SimH]
* [http://wiki.osdev.org/Main_Page OSDEV wiki for operating system developers]

[[Category:Software]]
[[Category:Operating Systems]]

Source code

2015-12-09T09:14:12Z

Barry: /* Text-based source code formats */ Add the RPG language formats.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|thiscat=Source code
|image=Perlcode.png
}}

'''Source code''' is the program code of a [[Programming Languages|programming language]] as stored in a computer's memory or in a file or other storage medium (programs have been stored on [[cassette]]s, [[punched card]]s, and many other media). Except in interpreted languages (like BASIC) which execute the program directly from the source, source code needs to be compiled or assembled into [[executables]] in the target machine code (possibly passing through intermediate stages of object code needing to be linked or code in some intermediary language that is in turn compiled, assembled or interpreted).

Most of the time, program source code is stored as plain text (in a [[Character Encoding|character encoding]]), so it can be viewed or edited in any text viewer or editor, though programmer-oriented development environments offer enhanced features such as language-specific syntax highlighting and integrated access to compilers. However, there are also some specialized source code formats that do not use plain text, instead doing some sort of tokenization to the keywords and syntactic elements of the language. This was more common on early computers that had much more limited memory, disk space, and bandwidth than the present ones.

== Non-text-based source code formats ==

* [[APL]]
** [[APL workspace]]: .apl, .atf, .dws, .dxf
* [[BASIC]]
** [[Tokenized BASIC]]: .bas
* [[Scratch]]
** [[Scratch 1.4 File Format]] .sb, .sprite
** [[Scratch 2.0 File Format]] .sb2

== Text-based source code formats ==

The language can usually be identified by the file extension.

* [[Assembly language]]: .asm, .s
* [[BASIC]]: .bas -- Some BASICs are stored in plain text, others are tokenized as noted above
* [[Bourne shell script]]: .sh
* [[C]]: .c, .cc, .h
* [[C++]]: .cpp, .cxx
* [[C Sharp|C#]]: .cs
* [[ChordQL]]
* [[Java]] : .j, .jav, .java
* [[JavaScript]]: .js
* [[M4]]: .m4
* [[Matlab]]: .m
* [[Music Macro Language]]: .mmi
* [[Objective-C]]: .m, .h
* [[Pascal]]: .pas
* [[Programmable Command Language|PCL]]: .pcl -- DEC TOPS-20 Programmable Command Language
* [[Pixilang]]: .pixi
* [[Perl]]: .pl, .pm
* [[PHP]]: .php
* [[Python]]: .py, .pyc, .pyo, .pyd
* [[RPG/RPGLE/RPG IV]]: .rpgle, .sqlrpgle

== See also ==
* [[Development]]
* [[Executables]]

== Links ==
* [http://www.cooperhewitt.org/object-of-the-day/2013/08/26/planetary-collecting-and-preserving-code-living-object Planetary: collecting and preserving code as a living object]