Programming Languages

Programming languages are languages expected to be executed (interpreted, compiled, etc.) by a machine in order to perform operations or algorithms. They are distinct from markup languages, which represent the structure of a document rather than specific operations to be performed, though it is possible to combine both in a document (e.g., HTML containing embedded JavaScript, or PHP code which includes HTML). Programming language code is stored as source code which may be directly interpreted by a machine or compiled or assembled into executables.


 * ActionScript (Flash)
 * Ada
 * ALGOL
 * APL
 * Arduino programming language
 * Assembly language (various versions for different machine architectures)
 * AutoHotkey
 * B
 * BASIC (Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
 * Batch file (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
 * BCPL
 * BLISS
 * BlooP, FlooP, and GlooP
 * Bourne shell script: .sh
 * Brainfuck
 * Breder
 * C
 * Ć
 * C#
 * C shell script
 * C++
 * C+=
 * CEEMAC
 * CFEngine
 * ChordQL
 * Clipper (programming language)
 * Clojure
 * COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
 * CoffeeScript
 * ColdFusion
 * COMAL
 * COW
 * Coq
 * CPL
 * Cython (Pyrex)
 * D
 * Dart (was Dash)
 * dBase programming language
 * Elm
 * Erlang
 * F#
 * Fish shell (*.fish)
 * Forth
 * FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
 * FoxPro programming language
 * Go
 * Graphics Programming Language (GPL) (mid-level language on TI computers)
 * Haskell
 * High Level Shading Language (HLSL)
 * Hoon
 * Hopscotch
 * HyperTalk
 * IDL
 * INTERCAL
 * Java
 * JavaScript (JScript, ECMAScript)
 * JCL (Job Control Language; used on IBM mainframes)
 * JSX
 * Julia
 * LISP
 * LiveScript
 * Logo
 * Lollypop
 * Lua
 * M4
 * Machine language (various versions for different machine architectures)
 * MATLAB script file
 * mIRC scripting language
 * MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System)
 * Music Macro Language
 * Nock
 * Objective-C (used in Mac and iOS development)
 * OCaml
 * OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL)
 * Pascal
 * Pawn
 * Perl
 * PHP
 * Pixie
 * Pixilang
 * PL/I
 * PLASMA
 * PostScript
 * Processing
 * Programmable calculators
 * Programmable Command Language (PCL), for TOPS-20
 * Prolog
 * Python
 * R
 * Rant
 * Redcode
 * RobotWar
 * RPG
 * Ruby
 * Rust
 * S
 * SAIL
 * Scala
 * Scheme
 * Scratch
 * Server Side Includes
 * Shen
 * Sikuli
 * Smalltalk
 * SNOBOL
 * Solidity
 * SQL
 * Squirrel
 * Swift (Apple)
 * Swift (parallel scripting)
 * SYSDOOM
 * Tcl
 * TRAC programming language
 * TUTOR
 * TypeScript
 * vim script
 * Visual Basic
 * VBScript
 * WaveGL
 * WebAssembly
 * Windows Script File
 * WMLScript
 * Wolfram Language

Interactive Fiction engines often use specialized programming languages for game development.

Resources

 * A comprehensive list of over 2000 programming languages and a small sample programs for each of them is available here
 * Rosetta Code attempts to present solutions to the same task in different programming languages.
 * Coding for middle-school girls (tips on introducing them to programming)
 * Programming language popularity chart (based on Github and StackOverflow activity)
 * Top 10 programming fonts
 * What’s The Most Popular Programming Language?
 * Which programming language should I learn first?
 * Why array indices start at zero; historical info
 * Code Academy: learn to code interactively online
 * Best free sites for learning how to write code

Commentary

 * Why you should learn to program
 * Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC
 * The Moderately Enthusiastic Programmer
 * My Experience As A Fourth Grade Hacker
 * Things I Wish Someone Had Told Me When I Was Learning How to Code
 * A problem with the term, programming “language”
 * Discussion of creating programming languages in Arabic
 * The Last Line Effect
 * Visualizing algorithms
 * Excavating Code: An Archaeological Record of Software Development
 * The art of the bug: Failure should be fun
 * Incredibly Strange Programming Languages (presentation)

Humor

 * A Brief, Incomplete, and Mostly Wrong History of Programming Languages
 * Programming Language Checklist
 * Programming languages as Tolkien characters
 * Devil's Dictionary of Programming
 * This Is Why You Shouldn't Interrupt A Programmer
 * Random mashup generator of the King James Bible and a programming book
 * What the computer code seen on screens in movies and TV shows actually does

Misc.

 * President Obama writes a line of code (video)
 * Picture: Margaret Hamilton, lead software engineer, Project Apollo, with source code from moon landing mission
 * Watch People Code (live video streams)