GIF

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) was introduced by the CompuServe online service in 1987, intended to provide a consistent and compact format for graphics to be downloaded on that service. Since the specifications were openly released, the format gained wide use in graphics software and on online services and bulletin board systems (BBSs), not just CompuServe; later it became a major Web graphic format. GIF's ability to have animation (unlike most still graphic formats) has caused it to gain some Internet notoriety and use in conjunction with "memes".

Patents
In 1994, it became widely known that the format was encumbered by the use of the patent-protected LZW compression technology, for which its owner, Unisys, was demanding licencing terms and royalties for certain sorts of uses. This made GIF a less-than-free format, spurring a desire on the part of some people for an unencumbered format, which led to the creation of the PNG format. However, it took several years for PNG to get widespread support in software, and in the meantime the World Wide Web experienced meteoric growth with GIF still used as the primary graphics format (alongside JPEG), though eventually PNG did become widespread on the Web as well. The patent in question expired in the US in 2003, and in other countries in 2004, so it is no longer an issue.

Another attempt at a patent-free format to replace GIF, Jeff's Image Format (JIF), never caught on.

Pronunciation
There is much debate over whether to pronounce "GIF" with a hard or a soft G. The creators of the format at CompuServe pronounced GIF as "jif" with a soft "G" /ˈdʒɪf/ as in "gin". Steve Wilhite, the engineering lead at CompuServe, said that the intended pronunciation deliberately echoes the American peanut butter brand, Jif, and CompuServe employees would often say "Choosy developers choose GIF", spoofing this brand's television commercials. In addition, a sample GIF that was bundled with software released by CompuServe in 1989 contains metadata that includes the following line: "Oh, incidentally, it's pronounced 'JIF'". The original image and metadata can be viewed on a Unix-like operating system with the following command:

$ curl http://www.olsenhome.com/gif/BOB_89A.GIF | strings | grep JIF % Total   % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current Dload Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed 100 37062 100 37062    0     0   158k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  196k |s,Oh, incidentally, it'spronounced "JIF"

Both pronunciations are acceptable to the Oxford American Dictionaries, which named it the word of the year in 2012, in its supposed usage as a verb (which they don't seem to actually use in a sentence anywhere in their announcement).

Some hard-G proponents say that the hard "g" is proper due to it standing for "graphics", which has a hard "g", but others cite the normal English pattern of pronouncing "g" soft when followed by an "i" (though, like most English spelling and pronunciation rules, it has exceptions like "gift").

In 2013, Wilhite again reaffirmed the soft-G pronunciation, but there are some that still refuse to accept it.

Animated GIF
Unlike most other graphic formats, GIF supports multiple-frame animated graphics in addition to single-image graphics. These animated GIFs are often used on web pages, sometimes for good reasons, sometimes as a poor man's video format, and all too often (especially during the early wave of Web popularity) to animate clip art and other images that would be better left motionless. In the 2010s, the use of animated GIFs for spreading Internet memes had a sudden and intense burst of popularity, and could sometimes be used in a very artistic manner.

The GIF features used for animation seem to have been intended for slideshows, and not for the type of animation they came to be used for. In fact, the specification clearly states that "[GIF] is not intended as a platform for animation." The only missing element – a loop count – was supplied by Netscape's looping extension (see below).

In the popular vernacular these days, "GIF" seems synonymous with "animated GIF", even though the format has a long history of use in static (non-animated) graphics. Much (though not all) use of static GIFs has shifted to PNG and other formats, leaving GIF in the niche of animated graphics.

In response to the popularity of animated GIFs, as well as the fact that this is actually not a very efficient format for storage and transmission of animations (each frame must be included as a complete image, without the economies of compression used in animation formats that store only the changes between one frame and the next), some social-networking and image-hosting services have begun converting animated GIFs uploaded by users to other formats for display. For instance, Imgur uses its own GIFV format, which is actually an MP4 video encapsulated as an element in an HTML 5 document, which is served with a .gifv extension. The result is that popular use of the term "GIF" now often refers to things that are not actually in that format; it seems to have taken on the meaning of "brief, small, silent animated sequence usually found on web pages or in social media feeds", without regard to their actual file format, so you have the peculiar situation where a static graphic in GIF format is not a "GIF" but a short, silent MP4 video is one. Language evolution is peculiar.

A GIF can, apparently, also be a deadly weapon.

Version 87a
The original version, released 1987-06-15. As a reference point, it supports:
 * Multiple images in a single file
 * Interlaced images
 * Background colors
 * Extensions, but each extension would have to be approved by CompuServe in order to avoid conflicts

Version 89a
Released 1990-07-31. Adds support for:
 * Binary transparency
 * Animation, though there is no way to indicate whether the animation should loop
 * Application extensions that don't require central coordination
 * Comment extensions
 * Plain Text extensions (an obsolete feature)

Other versions
There are no other official GIF version numbers.

Jeff's Image Format is a GIF-like format identified by JIF99a. The file command's database suggests that GIF-like formats identified by GIF94z ("ZIF") and FGF95a ("FGF") were experimented with.

Format details
A GIF file consists of a header, followed by a sequence of tagged blocks of various types. The header consists of a signature, a screen descriptor, and optionally a global color table.

Color format
GIF images are always paletted. The number of colors in a palette can be any power of 2 from 2 to 256.

If a GIF file contains multiple images, each may have its own palette. This makes it possible for animated GIFs to construct frames that exceed the usual limit of 256 colors. This technique is inefficient, and may result in very large files.

Extensions
Block type 0x21 is an extension. Each extension has a byte indicating its type.

Type 0xff is an application extension, which allows developers to define their own extensions. An application extension's specific type is given by an application identifier consisting of exactly 8 ASCII characters, plus a three-byte authentication code. Some extensions combine these two IDs to make an 11-byte ID, while others use the authentication code for some other purpose.

Known extensions:

Identification
GIF files begin with ASCII characters " " (version 87a), or " " (version 89a).

Related formats

 * CompuServe RLE - predecessor
 * FRA (Fractint)
 * GIFBLAST
 * GIFEXE
 * Gifpress
 * GIFV
 * Jeff's Image Format
 * LZW
 * MAG (GIF archiver)
 * NETPIC (Jim Tucker)
 * Title-Maker

Specifications

 * GIF87a
 * Text (W3C)
 * Text (Stanford)
 * Text (textfiles.com)
 * GIF89a
 * Text (W3C)
 * Text (textfiles.com)
 * HTML (rug.nl)
 * Netscape Looping Application Extension
 * GIF Application Extension: NETSCAPE2.0 (alternate link from archive.org)

Sample files

 * GifCities: GeoCities animated GIF archive
 * http://whatis.rest7.com/how-to-open-gif-file
 * https://telparia.com/fileFormatSamples/image/gif/

Software
Support for GIF is ubiquitous. The software listed here has been arbitrarily selected.
 * GIFLIB
 * Netpbm: ppmtogif, pamtogif, giftopnm
 * Animated GIF converter/player for Apple II series (Video of it in action)
 * Microsoft GIF Animator: small software program created by Microsoft in 1996 for making animated GIFs. Still works in Windows 8.
 * JavaScript GIF encoding library
 * screentogif (creates animated GIFs from screen activity)
 * Bad Peggy: scans images for problems
 * Apple II GIF viewer (Documentation)
 * XnView
 * Tom's Editor
 * Online animated GIF maker
 * - DOS program, descendant of one of the first GIF viewers

File conversions

 * gfycat: Convert GIFs to HTML 5 video
 * Custom lenticular-printed cards from animated GIFs